Conversations about Modern Art Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discussions about Modern Art - Assignment Example The paper Discussions about Modern Art breaks down present day workmanship, verse and furthermore Brilliant night, the canvas of Vincent van Gogh. The utilization of winding lines in his artistic creation additionally delineates a moderate cool night in the modest community. The orange enlightening shade of the moon makes an image of harmony. The white shades of the stars additionally encompass the little town making a quiet skyline. The whirling wave movement and twisting nature of the moon additionally makes a cool skyline as can be found in the painting. The moderate movement development of the trees encompassing the houses in the town likewise demonstrates a quiet domain. On the, stands a gigantic dim structure looking like a tall tree. Gogh brings this picture out of isolation from the remainder of the town and shows solidness in the town. Gogh in the composition speaks to a tranquil feeling. This is by utilization of stars and the way that individuals are absent in the roads or in the town. By utilization of winding and wavy lines in his work of art, different complexities in hues likewise make a decent parity of harmony in the portrayal. The work of art speaks to a decent part of innovation. The age of the canvas delineates an age where specialists made present day aesthetic work moving ceaselessly from neoclassicism. The image of efficient houses in an unassuming community speaks to innovation. The congregation spoke to in the drawing at the focal point of the houses likewise shows a cutting edge lifestyle. The houses additionally show new types of structures a genuine distinction from the old sort of structures in that age.

Psychology – Reflection on Self

Our universe has the general inclination to move from request to clutter. But then glance at how complex we are. The riddle turns out to be: How does our universe makes unpredictability? David Christian stated, â€Å"The universe can make multifaceted nature yet with incredible trouble. † According to him, we live in the â€Å"goldilocks region† of our universe †not very hot, not excessively cool, yet spot on for the production of unpredictability. At that point, things somewhat increasingly complex began to show up stage by stage. Each stage is enchanted in light of the fact that it makes something totally new showing up practically out of nowhere.We have realized that DNA collects data through irregular blunders some of which coincidentally worked. Be that as it may, DNA really produced a quicker method of amassing data. It created life forms with cerebrum. Also, those living beings can learn and aggregate data direct. The miserable thing about it is the point at which the creature passes on; the data bites the dust with them. We, people, showed up around 200 thousand years prior. What makes people distinctive is our method of correspondence, the human language. An arrangement of correspondence so amazing and exact that we can share our insight and structure an aggregate memory that amasses from age to generation.The primary motivation behind why as an animal varieties people are so inventive and knowledge. However, at that point things began to get increasingly mind boggling, feelings, instinct and cognizance began to appear. We turned out to be substantially more touchy and keen to our condition. We started to think about our various practices. That is when â€Å"the self† rises out of the insignificant reflection upon our conduct and social connection. Our self-idea decides our degree of execution in our regular day to day existences. All the progressions we follow up outwardly start in within our self-concept.The way we think, ac t, connect and everything that occurs in our life is simply the indications of our idea and the manner in which we get it. Our external life is consistently an impression of our inward life. It is critical to realize ourselves so as to be away from our qualities, standards, convictions and beliefs. These components contribute overall on how we act and cooperate with others. Our self-idea impacts our feelings, conduct and even the manner in which others react and collaborate with us. The issue with that however is the point at which we consider ourselves negatively.Everything begins to be influenced from simply the manner in which we consider ourselves. We begin to get vulnerable and discouraged. â€Å"We are brought into the world with torment. We are brought into the world through difficulties,† Nik Vujicic once said. Nik Vujicic was conceived without appendages. He attempted to suffocate himself when he was 10 years of age since he had an inclination that he was miserable a nd surrendered. He felt like it was just him against the world. However, the one idea that spared him was what will his family feel and endure when he would execute himself saying, â€Å"You know what’s more regrettable about being conceived without appendages? It’s being conceived without appendages who abandons living.†Personally, I don’t know why we are brought into the world along these lines. Be that as it may, we have a decision, either be furious for what we don’t have or be grateful for what we have. On the off chance that Nik Vujicic, limbless however can even now grin notwithstanding challenges and preliminaries, at that point so can we. At the point when we have a feeling that we don’t have love and expectation, we begin to get defenseless and lose the solidarity to cherish. We begin to uncertainty and question our own one of a kind presence when we lose those characteristics. We as a whole have those individuals who will cut us d own regardless of how great our day is, or bring us even lower when we are having an awful day.But when we think and blame those individuals as the best debilitation of our lives, we’re wrong on the grounds that they’re not-we are. We have a decision to abandon living or get up. Those things resemble the injuries or scars in a tree covering. In light of how a tree develops, it will never leave. Be that as it may, we can develop as much as we need and let those sorts of things be a little piece of our lives, or we surrender to it and pass on. We have to advise ourselves that we are significant and exceptional, and our qualities are not dictated by our societal position, foundation and the way we look.During fifth grade, I was mistreated by numerous individuals even my own educator since I was an awful child. There was one time I was blamed for accomplishing something and I attempted to protect myself saying that what happened was a mishap, yet it was useless. I could in deed do a limited amount of a lot. Individuals were at that point saying that I was the â€Å"black sheep† of my family and that I was totally different from my different kin. What happened will everlastingly be a scar in my memory yet I need to develop. I need to go to bat for myself and proceed on living.Everyday we settle on decisions, and regularly the straightforward decisions are the ones that can have the enormous impact for the remainder of our lives. The world needs love and expectation. Let us start our day by giving only that. We are here on purpose. William Barkley stated, â€Å"The most prominent two days in anyone’s life is the day you were conceived and the day you know why. † We will most likely be unable to get a supernatural occurrence however we can be a wonder for other people. We have to remind others that they are significant. So as to support ourselves, we first need to get sacrificial, not egocentric but rather sociocentric.Just like one celebrated melody would state, â€Å"Love is something in the event that you part with it. It will return right to you. † When I was a child even as of recently, I was consistently curious and inquisitive. I was truly thinking if an idealistic faith in ourselves and fearlessness would truly have any kind of effect. I needed to discover how would you truly get effective. Eduardo Briceno asked, â€Å"What do you believe is the way to making objectives and progress? † Most individuals accepted that it’s difficult work, industriousness and concentrate however Briceno indicated that these are for the most part results of something progressively powerful that anybody could develop.Josh Waitzkin, a chess universal ace and the subject for the film â€Å"The Search for the Next Bobby Fisher,† is a case of an individual who made extraordinary progress. Nobody won more worldwide rivalries than him. Be that as it may, significantly progressively amazing, Waitzkin ass umed the test of acing a total new field, hand to hand fighting. It was altogether different from chess. After exceptional commitment, difficult work and some messed up joints, he turned into an incredible military craftsman having won two global rivalries. In all honesty, Waitzkin said that the best thing that at any point transpired was losing his first global chess championship.He maintained a strategic distance from the best mental snare. The key snare Waitzkin stayed away from was accepting that he was more astute than others and that he didn’t need to buckle down. He could’ve thought of himself as a protã ©gã © however he didn’t. He stated, â€Å"The second we accept that achievement is dictated by an imbued degree of capacity, we will fragile even with misfortune. † Stanford University Professor Carol Dweck found that a few people feel that knowledge is fixed while others consider insight to be Waitzkin does as something that we can create and gr ow.In an examination she did, a few hundred seventh graders were overviewed for which sort of attitude they had and were followed for a long time. Result demonstrated that understudies with development outlook expanded their presentation after some time. The main distinction between the two gatherings was an alternate point of view of what knowledge is. â€Å"The key to progress isn't just exertion, center and tireless however the conviction we can create ourselves and the development mentality that makes them. † If we are to satisfy our possibilities, we need to begin thinking differently.Our contemplations impact our activities in such a case that we don’t trust it then nobody else will. We need to understand that we are not steady and bolted to our contemporary capacities. We can change our capacity to think and perform. Since when we lose sight in the conviction that we can accomplish something, we are finished. Truth be told, a large portion of the best scholars o f our time were once thought of as having no potential and future. Einstein once thought of ending it all lamenting for what reason was he even conceived. Be that as it may, alongside him and other extraordinary achievers from Mozart to Robert Boyle fabricated their insight and abilities.â€Å"We are what we more than once do,† Aristotle broadly announced. â€Å"Excellence, at that point, isn't a demonstration, however a propensity. † Once we begin to have faith in ourselves, that’s when certainty and greatness comes in. Greatness isn't something we are brought into the world with. We need to work our approach to it. We need to make it a propensity. William James once stated, â€Å"Any grouping of mental activity which has been as often as possible rehashed will in general propagate itself; so we end up naturally provoked to think, feel, or do what we have been before familiar with think, feel, or do.†But before greatness and achievement, we need to put s tock in ourselves. The genuine method of accomplishing confidence and fearlessness isn't by being brought into the world with it yet by working and being sure of it. The key knowledge of the setting is the conviction that we can some way or another do it, being sure about it and that we need to take a stab at something so as to achieve it. We should be sure about what we do on the grounds that we’ve done it a million times. By that, we carry our game to an unheard of level. Einstein labored for a long time in finishing his conditions for the General Theory of Relativity.Behind the getting difficulties and disappointments are a piece of development. Each time we got disheartened at something we are doing at, we begin to disclose to ourselves that, â€Å"I can’t do it. † When we hear that, let us talkback with assertion, â€Å"I can’t do it yet not yet. † Just a little confidence in ourselves can make extraordinary jumps. Having a hopeful faith in ou rselves creates fitness and viability on what we

How Do You Know When Its Time to Break Up

How Do You Know When It's Time to Break Up Relationships Spouses & Partners Print How Do You Know When Its Time to Break Up? By Anabelle Bernard Fournier Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Carly Snyder, MD on February 01, 2020 facebook twitter linkedin Carly Snyder, MD is a reproductive and perinatal psychiatrist who combines traditional psychiatry with integrative medicine-based treatments.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Carly Snyder, MD on February 01, 2020 Verywell / Brianna Gilmartin More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse In This Article Table of Contents Expand Criticism Contempt Defensiveness Stonewalling Making a Decision View All Back To Top Many of us dont break up with a significant other when we should, for many different reasons. Some of us are afraid to be alone; others give in to what is called the sunk cost fallacy (Ive already invested so much time and effort in this relationship, I cant give up now)??. But most of us just ignore the signs that a relationship is about to break down because its easier to believe that everything is okay...until its not. Knowing exactly when a relationship should be ended is a difficult task. It depends on the people involved and on the situation they live in. But there is fairly consistent evidence about the signs of relationship breakdown, unearthed by Dr. John Gottman. Gottman called these four behaviors the four horsemen of marriage apocalypse.?? And even though Gottman dealt specifically with marriage, these horsemen also show up in unmarried relationships and are just as destructive. First Horseman: Criticism Criticism is different from complaint or critique. Criticism is about the other as a person rather than about the problematic actions or behavior. Heres an example of critique or complaint: I really wish you would help me with the dishes. Its a lot of work to do by myself and while you relax on the sofa watching TV, I have to stay up and clean. It would take less time if you and I did the chores together, or if you took over once in a while. Heres an example of criticism: Youre just a selfish jerk. You never think about how I feel or all the work I do for you. I really wish youd think about someone else than yourself for once. The difference is that the first one is about a specific behavior and the second is about the partner as a person. When criticism is present in a relationship, it doesnt mean that its doomed to end. Once in a while, when were angry, we can resort to criticism. But when it becomes pervasive and when it is the only way you can bring up issues with each other, theres a big problem. If you criticize your partner constantly or feel like your partner is constantly criticizing you, its just a matter of time before it turns into something nastier: contempt. The relationship may be salvageable at this point, but it is a bad sign and it should make you consider whether leaving may be a better option. Second Horseman: Contempt We show contempt, generally, when we treat others with disrespect. We insult others, use sarcasm, mimic them, roll our eyes, or scoff at them. We call them names or ridicule them. The purpose of this behavior is to diminish the other, to make them feel worthless. If youve ever been treated with contempt, you know how much it hurts. And treating a partner with contempt shows that you have no respect for them, their feelings, or their needs. When contempt is present in a relationship, its a big red flag. It means that the partners have stopped respecting each other as partners and are now just trying to assert dominance. There is little love or respect left anymore, and animosity and resentment will grow. If you are being treated this way, theres a very good chance that your partner just doesnt care for you anymore. If you are treating your partner with contempt, ask yourself why youre still with them. If there is no respect between partners, there is little chance that the relationship can be salvaged. Third Horseman: Defensiveness Being defensive means trying to avoid responsibility for your actions. We can be defensive by shifting blame onto external situations, but more often than not we are defensive by shifting blame onto the partner calling for accountability.?? Heres an example of a defensive reaction: I feel like our sex life has been a bit stale lately, and I feel like youre not really paying attention to my needs and desires in bed. Well, if you didnt nag me about the dishes all the time, maybe Id want to have sex with you. Being defensive can come along with contempt, as the example above shows. The second partner is not hearing the first partners concern and is just trying to deflect blame back onto them. They do not want to be accountable for their lack of attention to their partners needs. In general, humans do not like to be told they are doing something wrong or hurting other people. We have a tendency to want to think well of ourselves, and conversations like this threaten our self-esteem. However, being in a relationship means navigating the feelings, needs, desires, values, and ambitions of two people; it means being aware that we might do things that can hurt another person, even when we dont mean it. Being constantly defensive in a relationship is a bad sign. It means that the defensive partner is not willing to look at their own behavior and adjust it to stop whatever is harming the other partner. It means that the defensive partner is treating the other as simply an object to fulfill their needs and not a whole person with needs, feelings, and ideas of their own. If your partner is constantly using defensiveness or you are reacting defensively to their attempts to discuss things with you, maybe its time you take a good hard look at your relationship. It may be time to end things. Fourth Horseman: Stonewalling When stonewalling appears in a relationship, communication has essentially broken down. Stonewalling comes in many different forms: shutting down conversations, silent treatment, withdrawal, and non-responsiveness.?? This is the feeling when youd rather do anything else than have the conversation. You only talk when absolutely necessary, and any foray into more vulnerable territory is met with a quick escape or silence. When a relationship has reached the stage of stonewalling, its very difficult (although not impossible) to recover. But it should be a very strong sign that maybe its time to move along with your life. Should You Break Up? Ultimately, you are the best judge of your own relationship and situation. But when one or more of these behaviors are present in a relationship, its a sign that things could (and often will) go wrong very quickly. Of course, with good therapy and a willingness to work on the relationship, these can be stopped, and the relationship repaired. But sometimes you are better off breaking up. Only you can make that decision. The 6 Best Online Marriage Counseling Programs

The Use of Psychoanalysis to Make Sense of Human Behavior...

The Use of Psychoanalysis to Make Sense of Human Behavior â€Å"Psychoanalysis offers a good story to make sense of behaviour, but it is a story the truth of which can never be confirmed.† Discuss. Psychoanalysis is an approach to the understanding of human behaviour by Freud and other famous psychologists. It is a method of treating mental and emotional disorders by discussion and analysis of one’s thoughts and feelings. It relies on the therapist’s ability to make the unconscious conscious and to help guide the patients to resolve their underlying conflicts. It is based on past experiences, but there is limited empirical evidence that supports this theory as it deals with the emotional side of psychology and lacks scientific†¦show more content†¦In the third stage, the ‘phallic stage’, (3 - 5 years) the child takes a greater interest in its genitals and feels a desire for the opposite sex parent. This makes them view their same sex parent as a rival and unconsciously they feel hostile which turns to guilt and so they try to identify with their same sex parent. The boy does this if fear of being castrated by his father. Freud uses this t heory as a way of interpreting situations, emotions and feelings when he psychoanalyses patients. He believed that if at any particular psychosexual stage the demands for this sexual gratification were not met, when the child became adult it would demand gratification for the activity of that stage leading to a fixation or neurosis. However Freud’s case studies were all based upon adults, with one exception (below), leaving his theory in big trouble, as studies of adults can not contribute to a valid theory of child development. Freud found evidence to support his theory when he analysed a phobia in a 5-year-old boy. This is called ‘the case of little Hans’. Hans had a phobia of being bitten by horses, especially ones that were white, with black around the mouth and wearing blinkers. Freud interpreted this as Hans’ fear of being castrated by his father. One time when Hans saw a horse collapse in the street he was very frightened. Freud said that when Hans saw the horse collapse, he felt guilty and afraidShow MoreRelatedFirst Up Is Psychoanalysis And A Good Definition To Give1354 Words   |  6 PagesFirst up is psychoanalysis and a good definition to give is that this therapy deals with past unconscious mental patterns that came from childhood. This therapy was developed by Sigmund Freud and he was known for being very interested in the unconscious. Furthermore on the treatment type, it focuses on deep-rooted that most softened stemmed from childhood. By doing this therapy it lets the clients learn how to bring by repressed memories or experiences that could be casing distress. Let us look atRead MoreHistory of Psychology852 Words   |  4 PagesPsychology is said to be the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The study of human behavior, development, and learning; and also seeks to understand and explain thought, emotion, and behavior. Today the question we are doing falls under the History of Psychology. It deals with the earlier schools (Structuralism and Functionalism) and compares them with the most recent schools of psychology (Gestalt psychology, Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Psychology). Structuralism Read MorePsychological And Social Aspects Of Psychological Criticism1660 Words   |  7 Pagesthree sorts: conscious, preconscious and unconscious. Later, he assumes the latter as a basic introduction to his theory. In turn, his schemes consider three contradictory forces: the biological, psychological and social aspects. Freud argues that human behavior is controlled by two things: first, the desire for love, that reflects those psychological demands which allow the biological individuals to complete their mission; and death as a second force, which comprises a lot of needs that lead individualsRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theories About Psychoanalysis And The Unconscious Mind1003 Words   |  5 Pagess Theories about Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious Mind Sigmund Freud was well known for his theories on psychoanalysis, and it was used to help understand the unconscious mind better. In Freud s lifetime, he grew to be a very influential person of the twentieth century. The western society still uses words that he introduced in his time, some are libido, repression, denial, and neurotic. He was the founding father of the theory of psychoanalysis, which explains human behavior. He also believedRead MoreThe Great Theories Of Modern Day Psychology895 Words   |  4 Pagesliterature, art, and the style of disciplined for raising children† (McLeod, 2013). The matter of psychoanalysis may not make sense to those who are unfamiliar with topics in psychology, but Freud’ s effort â€Å" pioneered new techniques for understanding human behavior and his efforts resulted in the most comprehensive theory of personality and psychotherapy ever developed† (Rana, 1997). Psychoanalysis was a method through clinical research which allowed patients to be treated through psychopathologyRead MoreSigmund Freud: A Very Brief Biography1582 Words   |  7 Pages INTRO Sigmund Freud is considered one of the most influential figures in modern psychology. He is best known as the father of psychoanalysis. He developed several important theories of personality, including the theories of mind, the id, the ego, and the superego, life and death instincts, psychosexual development, and defense mechanisms. He also published many books that helped shape psychology into what it is today. EARLY LIFE Sigismund Schlomo Freud was born in Moravia, Czech RepublicRead MoreThe Physiological Phenomena During Sex923 Words   |  4 Pagesthe physiological phenomena during sex and if it holds to be proven about all creatures. Sigmund Freud invented Psychoanalysis, which is the theory and therapy of treating people who suffer from nervous disorders by researching the unconscious mind that makes us repress or push our urges and desires. From Psychoanalysis, stems Psychosexual development, which believe that from birth humans experience sxual energy going through five stages in their life. This theory could have inspired the two researchersRead MoreFoundation of Psychology773 Words   |  4 PagesFoundation of Psychology Psychology is the study of human behavior and mind. According to Psychology: The Study of Mental Processes and Behavior defined psychology as the scientific investigation of mental processes (thinking, remembering, feeling, etc.) and behavior. Psychology alone has more than one basic foundation. Psychology can be as broad as biology and as detailed as philosophy, because it includes humans who are very complex in nature. Psychology involves more than how people act;Read MorePsychoanalytic Theory : Psychoanalytic And Psychoanalytic Perspective Essay1300 Words   |  6 Pages Psychoanalytic aka â€Å"Psychodynamic† The psychoanalytic perspective, is the outlook that behavior and personality are effected by the conflict between one’s inner dreams n and expectation of society. Most of this conflict occurs in unconscious, which is outside the knowledge of an individual. Renowned psychologist, Freud established the psychoanalytic theory as an explanation for perplexed phenomena suchRead MorePsychodynamic Approaches Comparison Essay856 Words   |  4 PagesComparison Essay In the counseling world today understanding psychodynamic approaches is more crucial than ever in the assessment and treatment of any psychological issue. Psychodynamic approaches such as Individual therapy, analytical therapy and psychoanalysis are similar in many ways but also differ based on the individuals own perception and circumstances. I will discuss the similarities as well difference’s and why these forms of therapy are critical in the assessment and treatment of clients. Individual

The Contagion Of Contagion And Vaccines - 1138 Words

Contagion/Vaccines If I was to quarantine an individual in a Utilitarian system, I would have them placed into a room by themselves in a hospital. They would be provided with any sort of necessities. Family members would be allowed to come into their room to visit, as long as they were fully protected. The main concern would be to keep them away from other people so they do not spread the deadly disease, but still keep them content. This keeps the disease contained to the one person rather than spreading even further, benefiting the greater number. They may not leave the room until they have been treated or cleared by a doctor. If for some reason they did escape, threatening many others to become ill, they would have to pay a very large fine. If there was a nation needing to be quarantined under a Utilitarian system, I would let no individual cross state borders. The border of each state would have military men lining it. If they were to go against this and somehow sneak out of their state, they would face jail time in their near future. In the movie, Contagion, they did not let anyone leave the state, which caused riots and panic in the citizen s living there. To stop this from happening, I would have selective individuals from each town that had been cleared by a doctor, go out and work the stores, clean up the streets and try to keep the town as put together as possible. This would help make the situation more comforting than nerve wracking. If I was to quarantineShow MoreRelatedContagion And Gattaca Analysis1498 Words   |  6 Pagesfilms Contagion, directed by Steven Soderbergh in 2010, and GATTACA, directed by Andrew Niccol in 1997, both explore themes of morality in times of crises, whether these crises are of personal nature or affect a widespread population. Both films explore ethical implications of technology as it pertains to scientific development, and in addition weaves in a narrative surrounding various moral decisions regarding the personal re lationships between principal characters. Collectively, Contagion and GATTACARead MoreContagion : A Perspective Of A Worldwide Pandemic997 Words   |  4 PagesThe movie Contagion gives a perspective of a worldwide pandemic as it begins and spreads throughout the world while displaying signs of evolution. The movie begins with a woman, Beth, traveling home from a business trip in Hong Kong. Beth becomes sick with what she thinks is the flu. However, she suffers from a seizure and dies suddenly from an unknown cause. Her son along with several other cases around the world suddenly die after having similar symptoms Her husband Mitch discovers that he isRead MoreContagion Essay1609 Words   |  7 PagesContagion is a movie based on a deadly virus, MEV-1, which spreads around the world in a matter of days (Shamberg, Sher, Jacobs Soderbergh, 2011). The premise is that the MEV-1 virus is spread person-to-person via airborne droplets produced by sneezes or coughs, as well as by viruses deposited on fomites, such as glasses, doorknobs, peanuts, and so on. The virus circles the globe in a matter of days, causing coughs, fevers and seizures as scientists from the World Health Organization (WHO) andRead MoreInfluenza and Average Contagion Rate1920 Words   |  8 Pages Do you get the exact same results each time? How do the results compare to each other and to your prediction? What factors might contribute to susceptibility to the disease? 2. 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The three situations that Dr. Cheever made and could impactRead MoreFilm Analysis Of Contagion1710 Words   |  7 PagesFor some inexplicit reason, people are obsessed with the idea of an apocalypse. Steven Soderbergh s, Contagion, depicts what could really happen if a viral outbreak lead to a worldwide pandemic. What makes this piece so unique to the apocalypse genre is the director’s ability to focus on the societal impact rather than the virus itself. This pandemic leads to a momentary collapse of social order, commenting on how self-absorption plays a role in times of disaster on both a small and large scaleRead MoreA Hidden Risk923 Words   |  4 Pageshave their blood drawn, mentioning in the order to handle the patient and the specimen with utmost care and caution. It is crucial for healthcare workers, especially phlebotomists, to practice proper standard precautions to prevent the spread of contagions and blood borne pathogens. The patient mentioned above would be a prime example for why such measures are taken and why the Center for Disease Control and Prevention has implemented particular protections. Every day phlebotomists are exposed toRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Contagion 935 Words   |  4 PagesStudent’s Name Institution Date ​ Contagion is a movie that was released in 2011 which is based on fear, greed, heroism and greed and involves a lot of sick people. This movie is very scary and provides lessons in the field of virology and epidemiology. The movie is set at ever-changing challenges as well as threats of microbial origin that lead to the origin of casualties who vary from few individuals to lots and lots of millions of people. It has been described as a global pandemic as it affectedRead MoreMedia and Its Effects on Society1437 Words   |  6 Pagesassume and discuss. For instance, the vaccine controversy, an on-going debate whether or not vaccines cause autism, has not come to any conclusion, partly due to the media influence. The media attempts to provide equal coverage for both sides of the argument—the pro and the con vaccines—providing room for a few extremists to spread their pseudoscientific-based claims, resulting in public unease. Despite an overwhelming evidence rejecting the a ssociation between vaccines and autism, a number of parentsRead MoreThe Breath Of Other People Killed Them1437 Words   |  6 Pagesfor their savagery. Eventually, the etiology of disease shifted from religious belief to two different theories the miasma theory and the contagion theory. Miasma theory is the belief that disease is spread through invisible poisonous vapor or â€Å"bad air† and this can be seen in the Kraut article as well. Then there was the more widely accepted theory, the contagion theory. This view maintained that disease was the result of contagia, whether specific or nonspecific, but that these contagia could not

Physical Abuse Letter Free Essays

Shondra Gant 91-1413 Halahua St. Kapolei, HI 96707 (123)456-7890 gantshondra@yahoo. com October 7, 2012 Theo Bark Writer TheBoomBox. We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Abuse Letter or any similar topic only for you Order Now com 770 Broadway New York, NY 10003 Dear Mr. Bark, Your article written on October 5, 2012 concerning the Chris Brown and Rihanna matter, writing how her father approves of their reconciliation is not a subject that should just be taken lightly. Abusive relationships are a serious matter and stating that it is okay to continue a relationship with your abuser is the wrong message to be sending to people, including those that are in abusive relationships and won’t speak up about what they go through. Considering that 80% of girls in abusive relationships continue to be in the relationship with their abuser( Bhatti paragraph 7, statistic 2), ending a relationship and starting it back up again is the same circumstance. Writing this article IS NOT the correct message that you should be sending. That ultimately the people that hurt you once can change and won’t hurt you again, â€Å"He used to hit her†¦. He swore that it wouldn’t happen again but it only got worse;†( Sparks, P. 64). 33% of teenagers do not speak up if they are being abused( Bhatti paragraph 6, statistic 3), 24% of women ages 18-35 haven’t said if they were being harmed in an abusive relationship( Glamour magazine). When Rihanna spoke up about he matter, they said goodbye, there was a hearing, and they stopped speaking. Now these rumors of a reconciliation are bringing up memories and making this a hot topic again. And now coming out, saying her father approves of this, that this event between them is just a ‘mistake, and everyone should be forgiven once'( Bark, paragraph 3). People who continue to forgive abusers realize they shouldn’t have, and by writing this article this is what you are saying: Just go ahead and forgive! Abusive relationships are a major issue, but seeing how these are music professionals that people listen to and look up to, this hits home much more. The children that look up to these individuals will think, â€Å"well she took him back! I can too!!! † Do you have kids Mr. Bark? I don’t, but I have 6 younger siblings, seeing your article that a family member approves of an abuser getting back together with the abused, and every other article stating they are back together IS NOT something I want my siblings thinking is acceptable in society. Thank you for your time in reading my letter on what I thought of your article. Sincerely yours, Shondra Gant How to cite Physical Abuse Letter, Essay examples

Changes In Culture Business Organisations â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About Changes In The Culture Of Their Business Organisations? Answer: Introduction The Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited, also known as the ANZ, is one of the five largest successful companies in Australia. The bank is also the largest company in New Zealand. The company was formed out of the Bank of Australasia, while it established its first Melbourne office in 1838 and its headquarters in New Zealand. The bank provides a range of services to a diverse pool of clients. As of today, the company is publically listed with almost 376,813 shareholders and a workforce of 35,000 people. The company serves more than six million customers throughout the world. The company demonstrated excellent performance results in 2008 even when the year was tough for the global financial industry. ANZ was never this successful throughout its foundation. During the early 1990s, the bank was facing a number of issues, such as bad debts, poor organisation, employee morale and poor customer satisfaction rates. After experiencing such poor performance and workplace conditions, the company appointed John McFarlane as the CEO of the bank in the late 1990s. It was under the leadership of the new CEO and his freshly formed management team that the bank was able to revive its market position and become successful through a series of planned changes and transformations. Main features of organisational transformation during McFarlanes tenure at ANZ Bank One of the biggest reasons behind the worldwide success of ANZ Bank was the planned changes or the organisational transformation that the new CEO of the company, McFarlane, was about to introduce over a period of time. The change program implemented by the new CEO, along with his new management team, had certain features that helped the management in ensuring a successful transformation and reinforce the changes in the longer run. Some of the features of the organisational transformation program implemented by McFarlane are given below: First of all, the transformation program implemented during the tenure of McFarlane was a well-designed change management program that targeted the entire organisation on the whole. The transformation program involved all the stakeholders in the change and was properly designed before it was implemented. The new CEO of the company was able to understand the role that the culture of the workplace plays in the overall performance of the employees and considered organisational culture to be a topmost priority while planning the change program. By inviting a research company to conduct a survey on the discrepancies between the existing bank values and culture, the new CEO made sure that they could identify those areas where the company required changes. Through such initiatives, the new management was able to discover that there was too much bureaucracy and hierarchy in the organisation, which was hindering the performance levels of the employees. as a result, the transformations program was designed to bring about changes in the values of the organisation on the basis of employee inputs while the existing values had been incorporation into the culture by the senior managers. Secondly, the new management formulated a dedicated breakout and cultural transformation team to assist the management in implementing the planned transformation strategies. Breakout workshops were arranging in which the employees were made more aware of their values, the values of the organisation and how they had an influence in driving their behaviour. Such breakout units helped the new management in continuously diagnosing the behaviour of the employees and identifying the effect that the transformations were having on the stakeholders. Further, the breakout teams acted as change facilitators, which are a necessity for increasing the chances of success of a change program. Thirdly, the new management of the company was able to implement a performance management system, which helped it in increasing the success rate of its transformational strategies. The company used performance scorecards and key performance indicators to assess the performance levels of the employees across various fields, such as financial, customer, etc. The performance management system was divided into three parts i.e. performance planning, performance coaching and performance assessment (Henshaw, 2011). The management designed an effective performance management plant that measured the right performance objectives using the right performance indicators and metrics. Such an effective performance management system helped the company in ensuring greater chances of success in its change management initiatives (OGBA, 2009). Finally, the management followed an effective approach to ensure organisation wide support from the stakeholders during the transformational program, which could otherwise lead to the failure of the program. The new management at the ANZ company followed a top-bottom as well as a bottom to top change implementation strategy that ensured greater trust and communication amongst the stakeholders (Cummings, 2013). Thus, the ability of the management to establish trust and communicate the transformation program clearly to the stakeholders helped it in ensuring a greater success rate for its change program. Challenges for managers in implementing transformation strategies It is often said that a change is not the problem, resistance to change is. An organisation can experience a variety of changes that can have an effect on individual units, processes and sometimes on the entire organisation as a whole. Cultural change is an organisation wide change that has an impact on the entire organisation as a whole and is considered to be one of the most difficult changes to be implemented in any organisation. Cultural changes can bring about changes in job roles and responsibilities, operations, dealing with clients, buyers and suppliers, etc. As a result, cultural changes receive a great deal of resistance from the stakeholders and the managers responsible for implementing a cultural change has to face a number of challenges in their attempts to achieve a successful transformation. Some of the challenges that the managers working in companies like the ANZ and trying to implement a cultural changes face are discussed below: First of all, when the change is related with the culture of an organisation, it becomes very difficult for the managers to build organisation wide trust and establish effective communication networks, which was also a challenge that the management of ANZ Bank faced while attempting to bring about changes in their organisation culture. Building trust and communicating the change program is one of the most important pillars of success while trying to transform the culture of an organisation and in their absence, the stakeholders can create panic due to fear of the unknown and can offer a great deal of resistance to the change program (RICK, 2015). As a result, it can become difficult for the managers to implement a cultural change successfully and can fail in their attempt to achieve a successful transition. Secondly, cultural changes can also involve alterations in the job roles and responsibilities of certain employees, which can further result into a change in their power status or status quo. Such a condition can trigger a lot of resistance to the change program as the employees working on the topmost position might feel a threat to their powers and can offer very strong resistance to the change management program (BRADFIELD, 2006). Further, cultural changes can also involve elimination of certain job profiles from the organisational hierarchy, which can generate stress amongst the employees and can have an effect on their performance levels. As a result, it becomes an important challenge that the managers face while trying to transform the culture of their organisations. Thirdly, it is a natural tendency of human beings to resist changes as they bring them out of their comfort zones. In case of cultural changes, it is obvious that the entire organisation will have to undergo a major change, which will definitely bring a lot of employees out of their comfort zones (Ryan, 2014). As a result, the employees offer a higher resistance to such changes that can have a huge and a long lasting impact on their jobs. Therefore, this is another challenge that the managers trying to transform the culture of an organisation are bound to face. Lastly, cultural changes also become a challenge for the managers because a talk about cultural change can initiate a lot of group dynamics and politics within the organisation. A culture of an is defined as the way in which an organisation carries out its work operations and how the things are done in a company. The culture of an organisation is the only thing which binds the entire workforce together and when there is a change being planned for the culture of an organisation, the stakeholders can create panic and can become part of group dynamics, which can make it difficult for the managers to implement the transformation strategies successfully. Attributes of key leaders at the ANZ Bank and role of leaders in managing change programs A leader is a person who has the skills to make the other people follow and get things done by keeping them motivated. A great leader is the one who has the potential to bring the best out of his followers and contribute more towards the overall success of an organisation. The way in which, under the leadership of John McFarlane, the ANZ Bank emerged as one of the top companies in the areas where it had its operations clearly proves the efficiency and effectiveness of John as a leader. During his ten-year tenure, John proved to be successful in increasing the customer satisfaction rates, higher staff engagement, community recognition and above all, turning around the financial performance of the company and delivering on the promises that were made to the shareholders. John McFarlane proved to be a successful leader and even at the end of his tenure, most of the stakeholders did not want him to leave the company and felt that his tenure should be extended. John McFarlane had a great deal of knowledge about the operations of the bank and knew how to involve all the stakeholders, which helped him in ensuring higher engagement levels. Further, as a leader of a company, John also had the ability to analyse the market trends and undertake strategies that would help the company in becoming more successful in the times to come. He followed a futuristic approach and made some important decisions that helped the company in grabbing a greater market share and reviving its position in the market. Organisational leaders have a great role to play in the implementation of change management programs and can bridge the gap between success and failure. John, as the leader of ANZ Bank, played an important role in influencing, directing and managing the change process at ANZ. First of all, John worked hard to carry out extensive research and surveys through professional organisations so that they could identify the areas where the organisation required changes. It helped the company in identifying those operational areas which were inefficient and prepare change management programs to deal with the inefficiencies identified. Secondly, John worked hard with his management so that they could avoid situations that could give rise to resistance to the change program. They implemented strategies that enabled them to establish trust in the organisation and communicate the change program to the stakeholders in the best possible manner. The decision to improve communication and establish trust helped the management at ANZ to effectively manage resistance to change. Thirdly, John also designed and implemented a performance management system that helped the management to continuously analyse the progress that it had been making in the implementation of the change program. It also helped the management in identifying the areas that were proving to be ineffective and turning them effective by performance coaching. Furthermore, the system of performance management also helped the company in reinforcing the changes that had been successfully implemented so that the employees could not switch back to their previous cultural values or behaviour. Conclusion Managing a change program is never an easy task as many organisations have lost their market share to their competitors because of their failures to implement changes successfully. ANZ Bank is a perfect example of how leadership can play an important role in ensuring success for a change management program as it was able to greatly revive itself under the efficient leadership of John McFarlane. The ability of the company to successfully transform its cultural values was made possible by the leader of their organisation, who worked hard in influencing, directing and managing the change process. References Henshaw, J., 2011. Performance Management: Are you clear on what you want from your employees?. [Online] Available at: https://managing-employee-performance.com/clear-what-want-from-employees/[Accessed 11 September 2017]. OGBA, C. N., 2009. MANAGING CHANGE THROUGH PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT. [Online] Available at: https://www.unn.edu.ng/publications/files/images/OGBA,%20CHIKA%20NGOZI.pdf [Accessed 11 September 2017]. Cummings, K., 2013. Trust, Communication, and Leadership: The Three Laws of Influence. [Online] Available at: https://www.td.org/Publications/Blogs/Management-Blog/2013/04/Trust-Communication-and-Leadership-the-Three-Laws-of-Influence [Accessed 11 September 2017]. RICK, T., 2015. WHY IS ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE CHANGE DIFFICULT. [Online] Available at: https://www.torbenrick.eu/blog/culture/why-is-organizational-culture-change-difficult/[Accessed 11 September 2017]. BRADFIELD, ., 2006. Challenges of changing culture. [Online] Available at: https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/18/10447.html[Accessed 11 September 2017]. Ryan, R., 2014. The Challenge of Changing Organizational Culture. [Online] Available at: https://icma.org/articles/challenge-changing-organizational-culture-0[Accessed 11 September 2017]

The Journey in The Catcher in the Rye Essay Example

The Journey in The Catcher in the Rye Essay An inner journey can sometimes be embarked upon as an escape from problems, however the journey itself can sometimes provide more problems, which helps one grow as a person, whilst the arrival provides the solution to the problems which does not help one grow at all. J.D. Salinger’s novel, The Catcher in the Rye not only demonstrates physical journeys but inner and emotional journeys. Salinger’s character, Holden embarks on obvious journeys, such as, his expulsion from Pencey and his odyssey to New York City. There is also the emotional journey of his inner maturation, due to mentally damaging events from many different adults in the novel. And there is finally, the symbol of innocence within his younger sister that forces Holden to mature within. Firstly, Holden’s immaturity, which is ultimately the reason for his expulsion from Pencey, is essentially the primary cause of Holden’s journey to New York. He fails to see truth within society and vows to find it by going to New York. He sees everybody as either a liar or a phony, and attempts to find some truth and realness. Salinger writes Holden stating, many times, that almost everyone in society is a phony. Through these quotes, the reader can gather that Holden is definitely in need of an emotional journey. Holden’s also embarks on an emotional journey, which has an obvious profound effect on the reader. Holden has discomfort within himself and his own weakness, phoniness and superficiality: he feels stuck between adulthood and childhood. In the quote, ‘sometimes I feel like I’m disappearing’, Salinger writes that Holden is growing up, although because he resents all authority figures, he does not want to accept this. After his teacher makes a homosexual pass on him, he sees all adults in a cynical light, although, through Salinger’s use of contrast, Holden makes many statements that are cynical and pessimistic, which underscores his close-mindedness. We will write a custom essay sample on The Journey in The Catcher in the Rye specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Journey in The Catcher in the Rye specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Journey in The Catcher in the Rye specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Finally, Hold

Pride and proofreading - Emphasis

Pride and proofreading Pride and proofreading It is a truth universally acknowledged that any article on the subject of proofreading is bound to contain its own share of errors. However, we face this potential irony head on, as its a practice worth pushing. And while taking pride in your work is a wonderful thing, it goes further even than that: its a matter of credibility. Take heed of poor Jim Knight, the Minister of State for Schools and Learners no less, whose political blog was revealed in February to be full of typos and other mistakes. After forgetting such schoolroom staple rules as i before e except after c, Mr Knight has announced he must do better and always check [his] work. Shouldnt we all? The trouble is that a speedy skim just before you press send isnt going to cut it. This according to the most popular theory among cognitive psychologists at the moment is because of something called parallel letter recognition. This is the idea that, when reading, we process the individual letters of a word simultaneously in order to recognise the word. This certainly begins to make sense of the odd phenomenon whereby, if the first and last letters of a word are in the right place, the middle can be a complete shambles and chances are youll still be able to understand it. Ltlite wnoedr taht tpyos are otefn msiesd, wulndot you arege? In normal reading we dont actually scan every word: our eyes move in little jumps (or saccades), fixating on key words. But short or commonly occurring words are often skipped. While the eyes focus for milliseconds at one point on the page, our peripheral vision gathers information about upcoming words. We interpret based on what we see, but also crucially on what we expect to see. Familiarity with the context leaves us much more likely to make assumptions about what is written, and the chances of us being familiar with the context of our own documents are pretty high (one would hope). And, of course, spell-checkers are very unreliable aids indeed for a language rather fond of its heterographic homophones (words which sound the same but are spelled differently). For example, ewe/you, to/too/two and there/their/theyre; not to mention such similar formations as tough/trough/though/thought. One contributor to the Big Breakfasts forum once fell victim to this very problem. Vehemently defending a young female presenter from accusations of vacuousness, he vowed to always stick up for her: though thick and thin. Freudian slips notwithstanding, we all want to write what we mean and mean what we write. And, of course, to be able to stand by our work with pride. For even more science on the subject, click here.

Discuss the theory of purchasing power parity, by considering its Essay

Discuss the theory of purchasing power parity, by considering its various forms and examining critically its assumptions and the - Essay Example The rate of exchange between two currencies can be termed as equilibrium when there is an equivalence in the purchasing powers of these countries at the domestic level (Taylor & Taylor 2004, p. 135). The theory of Purchasing Power Parity The formula for calculating purchasing power parity is as follows: S=P1/P2, where S refers to the rate used to exchange currency one with currency two, P1 is the price that good â€Å"x† costs when purchased in currency 1, and P2 is the price at which good â€Å"x† sells when purchased in currency 1. Based on the Purchasing Power Parity, there is an adjustment in the exchange rate in order to ensure that similar goods in two countries can be bought at the same price when the same currency is used to express the value of the good. There tends to be various forms that the Purchasing Power Parity takes. Some of the most common forms that this theory takes include the absolute Purchasing Power Parity and the Relative Purchasing Power Parity (Apte et. al., 2001). The concept of Absolute Purchasing Power Parity holds that the rate of currency exchange between two countries remains the same as the price level ratio in these countries. The absolute PPP borrows from the law of one price. Based on one price law, the cost of a certain product should remain constant across several countries. The similarity in price should be  in accordance to the currency value in the economies of both countries. This should take consideration of all other prices, such as trade regulations and other factors affecting market demand and supply, which should remain the same between these countries. The absolute Purchasing Power Parity also holds that there the purchasing power of the foreign and the domestic policy should remain the same. This means that there should be no variation in price when a consumer wants to exchange a foreign currency for a domestic currency, or a domestic currency for a foreign currency (Almas 2012, p. 1093). In orde r to meet the premises for the absolute Purchasing Power Parity, several conditions have to be fulfilled. One condition that must be met is free trade of the goods from each country in the international market. The other condition is that there ought to be a compromise of the price index of the price index for each of the two countries, which will be involved in the exchange of goods. Absolute PPP can result from the differences that exist in weighing, regardless of the fact that the law of one price can hold for certain goods across nations. While determining the absolute purchasing power parity, there is a tendency to examine the changes taking place in the level of the prices, which can be calculated easily (Apte et. al., 2001). Relative purchasing power parity can also be regarded as another form that the theory of PPP takes. Relative PPP focuses on the changes in the inflation rates, which may be anticipated, in relation to changes in the exchange rates between countries. The r elative purchasing power parity explores the change and variations in prices that take place between two countries. Relative PPP posits that there tends to be a change in the exchange rates in order to ensure that the variations and differentials, which inflation causes, can be compensated for and covered (Almas 2012, p. 1097). In the relative purchasing power parity, the formula that explains the relationship is as follows: S1/S0= (1 +

Global warming - new business challenges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global warming - new business challenges - Essay Example These losses are elevated in pollution and other devastating factors depleting the richness of these natural resources. Over exploiting will result in the extinct of these resources and loss of many diversified species. A flood, deludge whether is something which runs any business entitew into huge losses. heat wave like the one that gripped Britain in 1995 led to losses of 1.5 billion pounds1(Swiss Re, Business week) A business entity which ignores the basic external factors will lead to failure. Environment consiousness should be considered along with the development Global warming does reflect its adverse effects at places even far from places of pollution origin. Thus it reveals that the global warming issue is a concern for entire world but not for particular region. Business entities has to look into diversified and complex situations where in it will necessary to look in to issues like1 the demographic, economic conditions and the atmospheric conditions. The main challenges put in front of any organization would be the investment into non-revenue generating entities, high initial investments, the business planning complexities, extra employees benefits, safety and security systems. Non revenue generating entities are the features added in a production or manufacturing unit to make the ambience more secure like the alarm and security systems, the greenery maintaining. High initial investments are required to install these specialized devices in an work environment and complex to maintain as th equipments and devices are specially configured. The employee benefits are necessary to put into to safe the employee interests and to avoid turnover frequently. The employee benefits include high insurance payments, compensation, rehabilitation, pensions and medical allowances etc. Chapter-04: Case example-China coal industry The devices like the solar energy systems are costly as the market for the devices is limited and the technicians are to be maintained separately for operating these devices. China a rapidly developing Asian country has enhanced its energy utility base to nearly three times. The usage of home appliances has pressurized the domestic power consumption. The main raw material for power generation is coal extracted from earth crust. Depending upon the quality of th2e coal extracted the efficiency of energy produced would alter. The coal as a raw material has extremely polluted which spreads far to the neighboring countries. The increase in global-warming gases from China's coal use will probably exceed that for all industrialized countries combined over the next 25 years, surpassing by five times the reduction in such emissions that the Kyoto Protocol seeksNew York times2. The carbon dioxide emanating from Chinese coal plants will last for decades, with a cumulative warming effect that w ill eventually overwhelm the cooling from sulfur and deliver another large kick to global warming. China being a the worlds most populous country needs huge energy resources, however the huge expanse of china has provided with some gifted reources which were squised to the extreems by the business entities. The utilization of coal has risen to an alarming concern effecting china and its neighboring count

The Hardy Weinberg Theorem In Genetics Biology Essay

The Hardy Weinberg Theorem In Genetics Biology Essay Introduction The Hardy Weinberg Theorem is a mathematical formula that allows allele and genotype frequencies in a population of diploid or polypoid individuals to be interrelated, where the frequency of one allele is represented as p, and the frequency of the other is represented as q (the sum of which = 1.0). The sum of the different genotype frequencies (homozygotes and heterozygotes) also equates to 1.0. Where p and q are the frequencies of the alleles for a particular gene in a population, the genotype frequency can be expressed as: p ² + 2pq + q ² = 1 Where p ² = frequency of organisms that are homozygous for the first allele q ² = frequency of organisms that are homozygous for the second allele 2pq = frequency of heterozygous organisms The Hardy Weinberg equilibrium stays constant as long as there is random mating, no migration, no natural selection, no mutation and no genetic drift (N=infinite), (Fig. 1). N = infinite Figure 1. A graph to show the Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium. Put together using data from: Lori Lawsons lecture 15, Neutral Evolution and Genetic Drift, 2010 Therefore the population does not evolve. If an allele or genotype frequency is seen to change from one generation to the next then it is clear that one or more of the micro-evolutionary forces (mutation, migration etc) are acting on those traits in the population. Without mutation there are no new alleles or genes and so no evolution. Mutation must occur in the germ line to be significant in evolutionary terms. J. B. S. Haldane (1892-1964) stated that the number of germ cell divisions per generation is higher in males; therefore the mutation rate will be higher in males. Gene flow (also called migration) brings new genotypes into populations and is critical for the long term survival of a population, especially if it is a small population. For migration to be Catherine Carrick 200884273 effective in respect to evolution there must be successful reproduction among migrating populations. It is the movement of alleles between populations, not individuals. Wrights Island model of migration (Fig. 2) shows that migration homogenizes populations (where they consist of similar elements uniform throughout). Genetic drift is another form of micro-evolution and leads to random changes in allele frequencies. It is fundamentally a result of finite population size and has the most rapid and dramatic effect on small populations who show reduced variability. Drift increases divergence between populations so genetic variation must be replenished. Mutation replenishes variation and at equilibrium there is a balance between the rate of mutation and the rate of drift. Figure 2.Wrights island model. Put together using data from: Lori Lawsons lecture 15, Neutral Evolution and Genetic Drift, 2010 Charles Darwin (1859) defined natural selection (another micro-evolutionary force) with his four postulates; 1) individuals within populations are variable, 2) there is heritability (variation among individuals partly passed on from parents), 3) that in every generation there are some individuals that are fitter (survival/reproductive success) than others and 4) fitness is not random. Natural selection is the equivalent of differential reproduction as a result of an organisms interaction with the environment and the populations inherent variation. It acts on heritable (not acquired) characteristics at an individual level and not for the good of the species. However, the consequences occur in populations. This is demonstrated by melanism in the peppered moth (Biston betularia). The causes of melanism in the peppered moth have been well studied since the 1950s and show natural selection at work. Camouflage is key to predator avoidance in the peppered moth and there are two distinct mor phs. One being white with black or brown specks (typica) and the other predominantly black (carbonaria). The former is well camouflaged on trees with lichen on their bark and the later; better suited to dark or blackened bark. During the industrial revolution in the 19th century, an increase of soot and industrial pollution coincided with the appearance of the carbonaria form. Original studies on the relation between B. betularias crypsis and lichens failed to consider two important details; firstly, that the natural resting place of the moths is high in the canopy during the day and not on the trunk as previously thought, and secondly, human vision was used to simulate a birds view of the moths originally, but avian species are sensitive to different wavelengths of light and so will have a different view of the moths and their respective camouflage to that of humans. Taking this into consideration, Majerus, Brunton and Stalker (2000) devised a more systematic experiment to examine the UV characteristics of Catherine Carrick 200884273 both moth morphs and some of the lichens they rested on as demonstrated by the images in Fig. 3. Figure 3. The typica and carbonaria forms of the peppered moth as they appear in normal visible light (a), and as they appear under UV light (b). Image taken from MAJERUS, BRUNTON STALKER, 2000 It was their conclusion that moth colour provides sufficient camouflage both in human-visible and UV- spectra to crutose lichens (as appose to different lichen flora originally hypothesised to be rested upon by black and peppered morphs). Ultimately, strong selection pressures gave way to relatively rapid the evolution of the carbonaria form in industrialised areas due to the advantages of its dark colour (predator avoidance etc). Methods and Results Assignment 1: Testing the Hardy-Weinberg Principle: Method Using PopGenLab, we are able to set up hypothetical experiments to observe the factors that influence the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium in a population. We can do this by manipulating different input parameters (genotype frequency, tree type, number of stands (groups of trees), stand size (number of trees within a group), migration rate, mating pattern and disaster frequency). For this assignment the input parameters are as follows: Number of stands = 1 All other input parameters are left at default values (equal allele frequencies; genotype frequencies of 50% brown, 25% white, 25% black; equal proportions of each tree type; stand size of 4000; no migration; random mating; disaster frequency set at Never. Results Q 1.1) When looking at the allele and genotype frequencies, there is a change in both over time. All populations behave differently to one another. This is because the only active evolutionary force is genetic drift. Fig. 4 shows that allele frequencies change Catherine Carrick 200884273 over time due to genetic drift, but as all the conditions of the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium are fixed the allele frequencies must equal 1 and so the variation in allele frequency of A becomes the negative of the frequency of a. (Fig. 4). Figure 4. Showing allele frequencies changing over time due to genetic drift. Blue line = Allele A, Red line = Allele a, Green line = average over all stands for allele A Q 1.2) When the initial allele frequencies are changed to A=80% (p), a = 20% (q) (p ² = 0.8 x 0.8 = 0.64); AA = 64% (equilibrium reached after one generation) (Fig 6). If all the Hardy Weinberg conditions are all fixed, the equilibrium will always be reduced in the next generation (Fig.5 and 6). Fig. 5. shows the initial genotype frequency compared with Fig. 6. which shows the genotype frequency after one generation. The actual genotype frequencies (worked out with average stand number) match the Hardy Weinberg predictions as they stay within 1% of the previous generations genotype frequency, across every generation thereafter. However, the percentage may change by 1% due to genetic drift. Figure 5. Display of the initial genotype frequency. Catherine Carrick 200884273 Figure 6. Shows the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium is reached after one generation where 0.64=64% homozygous AA individuals. Assignment 2: Genetic Drift Method Q 2.1) Firstly we ran an experiment with default values for all the Hardy Weinberg conditions and 100 populations. We then ran a series of experiments with 100 populations and default parameters for all conditions except tree stand size which was systematically reduced for each experiment. We recorded the effects on allele and genotype frequency (below). Fig. 7 shows that stand size 10 produced the largest fluctuations of allele frequencies, and displayed the most cases of allele fixing. Results Stand size = 4000 (carrying capacity) Allele frequency- the average remains constant for A and a Genotype frequency stays relatively constant throughout. Stand size = 2000 Allele frequency the average show slight variation Genotype frequency stays relatively constant. Stand size = 1000 Allele frequency the average starts to diverge more with each generation from F45 (generation 45) onwards showing a lot more variation than in larger stand sizes Genotype frequency the average frequency stays constant although there is some variation compared with larger stand sizes Catherine Carrick 200884273 Stand size = 500 Allele frequency The average shows variation in the later generations Genotype frequency the average stays relatively constant but still with more variation than in any other larger stand thus far Stand size = 250 Allele frequency the average shows some variation in the mid-generations, but this returns to a 50:50 frequency in the later generations Genotype frequency on average, the frequency of both white and black variations of moth increases and shows a large variation between stands. Heterozygosity the brown variation decreases by 9% over 100 generations Stand size = 100 Allele frequency the average shows more variation, but to the point where in some stands alleles within individual populations become fixed Genotype frequency the frequency of homozygotes increases. In some stands the homozygosity (black) becomes fixed, phasing out the other tow variations (white and brown) Heterozygosity drops by 22% Stand size = 50 Allele frequency frequencies become fixed for a single allele quickly (by F23) Genotype frequency Many stands become fixed for one variation within a few generations Heterozygosity drops by 33% after 100 generations Stand size = 10 Allele frequency becomes fixed within a population after two generations, and continues to become fixed in other populations. By F77, all are fixed Genotype frequency every single genotype becomes homozygous or extinct Heterozygosity by F77 all heterozygosity is lost and by F100 there are only homozygous populations, with the other (70%) becoming extinct There are many variations in allele and genotype frequency between different stands because as the stand number decreases, the chance of genetic drift increases. Figure 7 shows that at stand size 10, heterozygosity was lost completely by F77. Catherine Carrick 200884273 Figure 7. (stand size 10): this produced the largest fluctuations of allele frequencies, and displayed the most cases of allele fixing. (Blue = A, Red = a, Green = average) Q 2.2) As the stand size decreased, so did the heterozygosity. Populations began fixation in stand size 100 to stand size 50. As the stand size decreased, the number of fixed alleles increased. When the carrying capacity became too small, there was not enough variation to prevent fixation. Random mating account for the variation between fixed and non-fixed alleles in stand size 100 and stand size 50. Fig. 8. shows that with a stand size of 10, heterozygosity diminished completely by F77. Therefore, the smaller the population, the quicker heterozygosity is lost. Figure 8. Question 2:2 (stand size 10): This shows the heterozygosity diminished completely by F77. The green line (average) tends to diminishing heterozygosity. Catherine Carrick 200884273 Figure 9. Question 2:3 (stand size 10): Shows population of stand number 15 and how it fluctuates around the average value, it also shows that when the population dwindled to a certain point, it wasnt able to re-establish the numbers enough to prevent extinction. Q 2.3) Yes populations from stand size 10 became extinct (70% of them) therefore, as the carrying capacity decreases, the risk of extinction increases. There is variation within generations due to factors like predation or whether the offspring are male biased for example. There may be a lower population size in the next generation depending on mating strategies (random mating) and occasionally, the parameters reach a point of no return and the population can not recover and so becomes extinct. Others avoid extinction because the experiment is random. Fig. 9. (where stand size = 10) shows population of stand number 15 and how it fluctuates around the average value, it also shows that when the population dwindled to a certain point, it wasnt able to re-establish the numbers enough to prevent extinction. Assignment 3: The Influence of Mating Patterns on Population Genetics Method In this experiment we set all default parameters except for the number of tree stands which was set to 100. The first experiment was carried out with random mating, and the subsequent experiments with non-random mating. We then varied the population size as before, this time to compare the effects of assertive mating with genetic drift. Results Q 3.1) The effects of 25% assortative mating: Genotype frequency 25% assortative mating causes an increase in homozygotes, and heterozygosity is lost by F80 Allele frequency (produces a sigmoidal shaped graph). All become fixed for a single allele. Heterozygosity the average heterozygosity is lost at F80 Catherine Carrick 200884273 50% assortative mating: Genotype frequency all homozygotes with an almost 1:1 ratio aa being slightly more dominant Allele frequency (sigmoidal graph) all fixed by F50 Heterozygosity lost by F33 (average heterozygosity) 100% assortative mating Genotype frequency quickly becomes homozygote dominated Allele frequency All fixed fro a single allele by F15 Heterozygosity Average lost by F4 Heterozygosity is lost under assortative mating. This is because heterozygotes are at a reproductive disadvantage as homozygotes will mate with like genotypes. Heterozygotes will not be produced by these matings either. Q 3.2) Results Population size 2000 (stand size), 100% assortative mating: Genotype frequency all homozygous by F4 Allele f fixed by F14 Heterozygosity average lost by F4 Population size 2000, 50% assortative mating Genotype f all homozygous by F25 Allele f all fixed by F29 Heterozygosity average lost by F25 Population size 250, 100% assortative mating Genotype f all homozygous by F4 Allele f all fixed by F12 Heterozygosity lost at F4 Population size 250, 50% assortative mating Genotype f all homozygous by F25 Allele f all fixed by F28 Heterozygosity lost at F25 Assortative mating dominates control of allele frequencies and the speed that alleles become fixed within a population compared with the effects of genetic drift (because the homozygotes are all mating with the same genotype and not with heterozygotes). Assortative mating is not dependant on carrying capacity. The size of the population is irrelevant when assortative mating is occurring. The results are similar for a high or a low population size. Catherine Carrick 200884273 Q 3.3) Method We conducted a series of experiments using disassortative mating and selected different levels of mating between 0% (random mating) and 100% (only unlike phenotypes mate). We then changed the population size from 2000 to 250 to see the effects of disassortative mating on genetic drift. Results Dissasortative mating shows that AA and aa will mate which increases heterozygosity and stabilises the population as shown in the results below: Population size 2000, 100% disassortative mating Geno (genotype frequency) heterozygote is predominant Allele (allele frequency) none become fixed. There is variation but it stays within 31% 68% variation Hetero (heterozygosity) increases in the first generation then remains constant Pop size 2000, 50% disassortative mating Geno predominantly heterozygote Allele none become fixed. There is less variation than with 100% disassortative mating. Variation is between 43% and 57% Hetero Increases in 1st generation and remains constant Pop size 250, 100% disassortative mating Geno -slight heterozygote increase Allele No fixed alleles. There is much greater variation than seen previously with a larger population size, between 21% and 79% Hetero increases in 1st generation then remains steady and begins to decrease. Remains above the initial percentage Pop size 250, 50% disassortative mating Geno heterozygosity increases steadily Allele No fixed alleles. Variation is less than with 100% disassortative mating and population size of 250. Variation levels out between 33% and 67% Hetero increases in the 1st generation and remains constant with a few small fluctuations which level back out Q 3.4) There would be more heterozygosity in the next generation when disassortative mating occurs and if this kind of mating is maintained, the effects of genetic drift occur much slower because the populations are prevented from diverging. Fig. 10 shows the comparison between disassortative mating and random mating where random mating allows genetic drift. Drift can still occur during dissasortative mating when the carrying capacity is very low. Catherine Carrick 200884273 Figure 10. (picture on left): Random mating, pop size 250 showing genetic drift acting to diverge allele frequencies. (picture on right): 50% dissassortative mating, population size 250 shows that dissasortative mating acts to counter genetic drift. Q 3.5) Method For this experiment we varied the initial genotype frequency for assortative and disassortative mating. We tried experiments where the initial allele frequency favoured one or the other allele. Fig. 11 show starting frequencies of 50/50% assortative mating. A small deviation in starting frequencies affects the final fixation percentages (Fig. 11). We did not include the brown allele in this experiment as the extra variable is not needed. Figure 11) Shows starting frequencies of 50/50% (50%-white allele, 50% black allele) with assortative mating = 100%. Small deviation in starting freq effects final fixation percentages. Catherine Carrick 200884273 Results Under dissassortative mating the time taken for equilibrium to establish is negatively correlated with the degree of deviation from a 1:1 starting allele ratio. Under assortative mating, fixation or loss of alleles is negatively correlated with the degree of deviation from a 1:1 starting allele ratio. Assignment 4: Modes of Natural Selection Q 4.1) Method In this experiment we investigated how fitness affects changes in allele frequency in the population. We began with default parameters except tree stand number (set at 100) and genotype frequencies. We changed the tree frequency to set up several experiments under conditions of directional selection for dark moths, directional selection for light moths, balancing selection favouring the brown moth, and diversifying selection favouring the dark and light moths. We tried experiments with the different conditions of selection and initial allele frequencies near zero and one. Results Directional selection for black moths where they tree frequencies are 50% black, 25% white and 25% brown trees gave the following results: Allele frequency becomes fixed rapidly by F10 (on average by F9) Genotype frequencies at F10 genotype becomes fixed for black allele In a small population, alleles become fixed more quickly but in larger populations allele frequencies are not affected as much. We kept the population size high so we would not see genetic drift in the experiment (4000 carrying capacity) with tree frequencies of 35%, 32% and 33%. Even the small amount of selection (35% black trees) shows fixation of alleles for the black morph of moth (Fig. 12). Selection for light moths gives the same results as selection for black moths. Figure 12. shows allele becoming fixed rapidly, due to a tiny increase in black trees on left, white trees on right (35 %) Catherine Carrick 200884273 Q 4.2) Starting figures are as follows: Black tree 25% Allele black 25% Brown tree 50% Allele brown 50% White tree 25% Allele white 25% After one generation, allele frequency remains stable (between 48% and 52%) and the genotype frequency becomes predominantly brown. This is because there is always the presence of black and white genotypes which cause slight variation. If you change the selection of trees to black 10%, white 10%, brown 80%, almost identical results occur (between 49% and 51% variation in allele frequency = stabilized). Q 4.3) To show diversifying selection we set the tree types to 45% black, 45% white and 10% brown. Genotype frequency by the 1st generation, there was a large decrease in brown morphs of moth and the equivalent increase in black and white morphs. This continues till F5 when the black morph became slightly more dominant (on average) due to random mating. The brown morph was phased out by F18 (on average) on most of the 100 tree stands. All alleles become fixed for either black or white by F23 (49% white, 51% black) (Fig 13). Figure 13. Shows 50% black and 50% white showing a 1:1 ratio Q 4.4) Small differences in fitness are effective in changing allele frequencies. Small differences in fitness have proportionally slower rates of allele frequency change compared with large differences in fitness. We conducted additional experiments with varying proportions of tree types. The results are as follows: (Where stand size = 4000, number of stands = 100, allele frequencies = white 20%, brown 60%, black 20%, tree frequencies = white 32%, brown 32%, black 36%). Even though there are a lower proportion of black alleles (A) to begin with, those alleles will have a higher fitness than white or brown as there is a higher percentage of black tree types. Over time this will equate to an increase in black morphs. There is, however, a Catherine Carrick 200884273 point where even if the black allele is fittest but there isnt a high enough population in the first place, it will crash and not recover. Q 4.5) Genetic variation is maintained under balancing selection because the allele frequencies remain stable. There is no fixation (presuming the all mating is random). The heterozygote allele is favoured and thus balances the homozygous allele. Assignment 5: Migration Q 5.1) Migration counteracts the effects of genetic drift. (Fig 14 and 15) Figure 14. Stand size of 500 and no migration shows heterozygosity varying over all populations. Green line = average heterozygosity over all populations. Figure 15. Shows stand size 500, and 8% migration. Shows migration maintains heterozygosity and there is less deviation from the average (green line) Catherine Carrick 200884273 Assignment 6: Population Bottlenecks Q 6.1) Disaster led to the loss of alleles and reduced heterozygosity. The more disasters there where, the more decreased the diversity became. (Fig 16, 17, 18) Figure 16. Control condition Shows low drift conferred by high population sizes (4000), all other variables adjusted to give Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Figure 17. Disaster parameters set to sometimes as opposed to never. Individual populations prone to fixation and loss of alleles. Catherine Carrick 200884273 Figure 18. Disaster frequency set to often rather than sometimes. Loss of diversity occurs faster than in figure 13 with most populations losing one or the other allele by generation 80. Q 6.2) Disaster increased the rate of extinction. The more regular the disaster, the more extinctions. Q 6.3) Migration moderated the effect that disasters had on the population. Discussion The results of our experiments clearly show that genetic drift effects smaller populations where heterozygoisity is lost rapidly and as the carrying capacity decreases, the risk of extinction increases. The is because the proportion of individuals with a certain phenotype within a small population are largely influenced by random variation in survival, and over time, the change in proportion of genotypes in subsequent generations leads to genetic drift. If one was to aim to conserve a hypothetical species, one would expect that because it is endangered, it would be a small population. To maintain genetic diversity among this species, one would need a large enough breeding population to begin with. Unfortunately, as is the case with most endangered species, populations become geographically isolated, mainly due to human disruption of habitat. Migration between breeding populations decreases and they become fragmented. Conservation efforts may be due to natural disasters such as tsunam is, fires etc, but are mainly to prevent the constant onslaught of human activities such as illegal logging in conservation areas. Figure 17 illustrates the effects of a bottleneck following a disaster, showing reduced variability (and a small population) leading to loss and/or fixation of alleles. As with genetic drift, the way to prevent population crashes, or rather soften the effects of bottlenecks, is to encourage migration among populations. This can be achieved by implementing the protection of corridors between known endangered populations. In theory, the populations can migrate between areas, maintaining a high enough level of breeding and genetic variation, to counter the effects of inbreeding depression or genetic drift (Fig 14 and 15). An example of how corridors may re-connect fragmented populations can be seen in Bhutans Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park (www.panthera.org). Catherine Carrick 200884273 Figure 19. Map of known tiger populations (red) and proposed tiger corridors (orange). Data taken from www.panthera.org The proposed Eastern Himalayan corridor may help towards connecting isolated populations of tigers, and thus increasing genetic diversity (if these populations successfully reproduce with one another) (Fig 19). Random mating, as apposed to assortative mating, will increase heterozygosity and stabilise a population (Fig 10). This acts against genetic drift and stops the population form diverging as quickly. In a hypothetical situation then, you would preferably allow mating to occur naturally and at random. However, some conservation efforts include that of translocation of individuals or cross breeding certain individuals from separate populations. For this to be advantageous to the species, one must consider maintaining genetic diversity by genotyping the individuals before translocation. It would be senseless to swap or breed an AA individual with another AA individual from a separate population as this would lead to loss or fixation and not increase diversity. Our studies with B. betularia in question 4 to 4.5 show that intermediates are favoured over extreme phenotypes and that genetic variation is maintained under balancing (stabilizing) selection because the allele frequencies remain stable. There is no fixation (presuming the all mating is random). The heterozygote allele is favoured and thus balances the homozygous allele. As well as considering the genetic diversity of a species and its genealogy, one must understand the species by means of observations in the field including its behaviour. Later studies of B. betularia reinforced the need for such observations as it was found to rest high in the branches rather than on the trunks of trees as previously calculated. Also, modern science allowed for the study of its UV qualities which had otherwise been unaccounted for when considering levels of predation by birds. A close study of mating patterns should ideally be assessed to ensure the outcome of migration; corridors, translocation etc will be advantageous in terms of fitness. Catherine Carrick 200884273

Narrative Essays: To Tell a Story Essay

There are four types of essays: Exposition – gives information about various topics to the reader. Description – describes in detail characteristics and traits. Argument – convinces the reader by demonstrating the truth or falsity of a topic. Narrative – tells a story, usually from one person’s viewpoint. A narrative essay uses all the story elements – a beginning and ending, plot, characters, setting and climax – all coming together to complete the story. Essential Elements of Narrative Essays The focus of a narrative essay is the plot, which is told using enough details to build to a climax. Here’s how: It is usually told chronologically. It usually has a purpose, which is usually stated in the opening sentence. It may use dialogue.  It is written with sensory details and vivid descriptions to involve the reader. All these details relate in some way to the main point the writer is making. All of these elements need to seamlessly combine. A few examples of narrative essays follow. Narrative essays can be quite long, so instead of a full length example of an entire essay, only the beginnings of essays are included: Learning Can Be Scary This excerpt about learning new things and new situations is an example of a personal narrative essay that describes learning to swim. â€Å"Learning something new can be a scary experience. One of the hardest things I’ve ever had to do was learn how to swim. I was always afraid of the water, but I decided that swimming was an important skill that I should learn. I also thought it would be good exercise and help me to become physically  stronger. What I didn’t realize was that learning to swim would also make me a more confident person. New situations always make me a bit nervous, and my first swimming lesson was no exception. After I changed into my bathing suit in the locker room, I stood timidly by the side of the pool waiting for the teacher and other students to show up. After a couple of minutes the teacher came over. She smiled and introduced herself, and two more students joined us. Although they were both older than me, they didn’t seem to be embarrassed about not knowing how to swim. I began to feel more at ease.† The Manager. The Leader. The following excerpt is a narrative essay from a story about a manager who was a great leader. Notice the intriguing first sentence that captures your attention right away. â€Å"Jerry was the kind of guy you love to hate. He was always in a good mood and always had something positive to say. When someone would ask him how he was doing, he would reply, â€Å"If I were any better, I would be twins!† He was a unique manager because he had several waiters who had followed him around from restaurant to restaurant. The reason the waiters followed Jerry was because of his attitude. He was a natural motivator. If an employee was having a bad day, Jerry was there telling the employee how to look on the positive side of the situation.† The Climb This excerpt from the climb also captures your attention right away by creating a sense of mystery. The reader announces that he or she has â€Å"this fear† and you want to read on to see what that fear is. â€Å"I have this fear. It causes my legs to shake. I break out in a cold sweat. I start jabbering to anyone who is nearby. As thoughts of certain death run through my mind, the world appears a precious, treasured place. I imagine my own funeral, then shrink back at the implications of where my thoughts are taking me. My stomach feels strange. My palms are clammy. I am terrified of heights.Of course, it’s not really a fear of being in a high place. Rather, it is the view of a long way to fall, of rocks far below me and no firm wall between me and the edge. My sense of security is screamingly absent. There  are no guardrails, flimsy though I picture them, or other safety devices. I can rely only on my own surefootedness—or lack thereof.† Disney Land The following narrative essay involves a parent musing about taking her kids to Disney Land. â€Å"It was a hot sunny day, when I finally took my kids to the Disney Land. My son Matthew and my daughter Audra endlessly asked me to show them the dream land of many children with Mickey Mouse and Snow-white walking by and arousing a huge portion of emotions. Somehow these fairy tale creatures can make children happy without such â€Å"small† presents as $100 Lego or a Barby’s house in 6 rooms and garden furniture. Therefore, I thought that Disney Land was a good invention for loving parents.† The Sacred Grove of Oshogbo by Jeffrey Tayler The following essay contains descriptive language that helps to paint a vivid picture for the reader of an encounter with a man. â€Å"As I passed through the gates I heard a squeaky voice. A diminutive middle-aged man came out from behind the trees — the caretaker. He worked a toothbrush-sized stick around in his mouth, digging into the crevices between algae’d stubs of teeth. He was barefoot; he wore a blue batik shirt known as a buba, baggy purple trousers, and an embroidered skullcap. I asked him if he would show me around the shrine. Motioning me to follow, he spat out the results of his stick work and set off down the trail.† Playground Memory The first excerpt from, â€Å"Playground Memory†, has very good sensory details. â€Å"Looking back on a childhood filled with events and memories, I find it rather difficult to pick on that leaves me with the fabled â€Å"warm and fuzzy feelings.† As the daughter of an Air Force Major, I had the pleasure of traveling across America in many moving trips. I have visited the monstrous trees of the Sequoia National Forest, stood on the edge of the Grande Canyon and have jumped on the beds at Caesar’s Palace in Lake Tahoe. However, I  have discovered that when reflecting on my childhood, it is not the trips that come to mind, instead there are details from everyday doings; a deck of cards, a silver bank or an ice cream flavor. One memory that comes to mind belongs to a day of no particular importance. It was late in the fall in Merced, California on the playground of my old elementary school; an overcast day with the wind blowing strong. I stood on the blacktop, pulling my hoodie over my ears. The wind was causing miniature tornados; we called them â€Å"dirt devils†, to swarm around me.† Christmas Cookies The second of the two narrative essay examples is an excerpt from â€Å"Christmas Cookies.† â€Å"Although I have grown up to be entirely inept at the art of cooking, as to make even the most wretched chef ridicule my sad baking attempts, my childhood would have indicated otherwise; I was always on the countertop next to my mother’s cooking bowl, adding and mixing ingredients that would doubtlessly create a delicious food. When I was younger, cooking came intrinsically with the holiday season, which made that time of year the prime occasion for me to unite with ounces and ounces of satin dark chocolate, various other messy and gooey ingredients, numerous cooking utensils, and the assistance of my mother to cook what would soon be an edible masterpiece. The most memorable of the holiday works of art were our Chocolate Crinkle Cookies, which my mother and I first made when I was about six and are now made annually.† Ads by Google Online Screenwriting Award Winning Instructor. Includes Free One-on-One Consult. www.writeyourscreenplay.com Salvation-How God Saves How our Creator reconciles with us through his great sacrifice www.godsavesus.com Tips on Writing a Narrative Essay When writing a narrative essay, remember that you are sharing sensory and emotional details with the reader. Your words need to be vivid and colorful to help the reader feel the same feelings that you felt. Elements of the story need to support the point you are making and you need to remember to make reference to that point in the first sentence. You should make use of conflict and sequence like in any story. You may use flashbacks and flash forwards to help the story build to a climax. It is usually written in the first person, but third person may also be used. Remember, a well-written narrative essay tells a story and makes a point.