The Hardy Weinberg Theorem In Genetics Biology Essay

The Hardy Weinberg Theorem In Genetics Biology Essay Introduction The Hardy Weinberg Theorem is a mathematical formula that allows allele and genotype frequencies in a population of diploid or polypoid individuals to be interrelated, where the frequency of one allele is represented as p, and the frequency of the other is represented as q (the sum of which = 1.0). The sum of the different genotype frequencies (homozygotes and heterozygotes) also equates to 1.0. Where p and q are the frequencies of the alleles for a particular gene in a population, the genotype frequency can be expressed as: p ² + 2pq + q ² = 1 Where p ² = frequency of organisms that are homozygous for the first allele q ² = frequency of organisms that are homozygous for the second allele 2pq = frequency of heterozygous organisms The Hardy Weinberg equilibrium stays constant as long as there is random mating, no migration, no natural selection, no mutation and no genetic drift (N=infinite), (Fig. 1). N = infinite Figure 1. A graph to show the Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium. Put together using data from: Lori Lawsons lecture 15, Neutral Evolution and Genetic Drift, 2010 Therefore the population does not evolve. If an allele or genotype frequency is seen to change from one generation to the next then it is clear that one or more of the micro-evolutionary forces (mutation, migration etc) are acting on those traits in the population. Without mutation there are no new alleles or genes and so no evolution. Mutation must occur in the germ line to be significant in evolutionary terms. J. B. S. Haldane (1892-1964) stated that the number of germ cell divisions per generation is higher in males; therefore the mutation rate will be higher in males. Gene flow (also called migration) brings new genotypes into populations and is critical for the long term survival of a population, especially if it is a small population. For migration to be Catherine Carrick 200884273 effective in respect to evolution there must be successful reproduction among migrating populations. It is the movement of alleles between populations, not individuals. Wrights Island model of migration (Fig. 2) shows that migration homogenizes populations (where they consist of similar elements uniform throughout). Genetic drift is another form of micro-evolution and leads to random changes in allele frequencies. It is fundamentally a result of finite population size and has the most rapid and dramatic effect on small populations who show reduced variability. Drift increases divergence between populations so genetic variation must be replenished. Mutation replenishes variation and at equilibrium there is a balance between the rate of mutation and the rate of drift. Figure 2.Wrights island model. Put together using data from: Lori Lawsons lecture 15, Neutral Evolution and Genetic Drift, 2010 Charles Darwin (1859) defined natural selection (another micro-evolutionary force) with his four postulates; 1) individuals within populations are variable, 2) there is heritability (variation among individuals partly passed on from parents), 3) that in every generation there are some individuals that are fitter (survival/reproductive success) than others and 4) fitness is not random. Natural selection is the equivalent of differential reproduction as a result of an organisms interaction with the environment and the populations inherent variation. It acts on heritable (not acquired) characteristics at an individual level and not for the good of the species. However, the consequences occur in populations. This is demonstrated by melanism in the peppered moth (Biston betularia). The causes of melanism in the peppered moth have been well studied since the 1950s and show natural selection at work. Camouflage is key to predator avoidance in the peppered moth and there are two distinct mor phs. One being white with black or brown specks (typica) and the other predominantly black (carbonaria). The former is well camouflaged on trees with lichen on their bark and the later; better suited to dark or blackened bark. During the industrial revolution in the 19th century, an increase of soot and industrial pollution coincided with the appearance of the carbonaria form. Original studies on the relation between B. betularias crypsis and lichens failed to consider two important details; firstly, that the natural resting place of the moths is high in the canopy during the day and not on the trunk as previously thought, and secondly, human vision was used to simulate a birds view of the moths originally, but avian species are sensitive to different wavelengths of light and so will have a different view of the moths and their respective camouflage to that of humans. Taking this into consideration, Majerus, Brunton and Stalker (2000) devised a more systematic experiment to examine the UV characteristics of Catherine Carrick 200884273 both moth morphs and some of the lichens they rested on as demonstrated by the images in Fig. 3. Figure 3. The typica and carbonaria forms of the peppered moth as they appear in normal visible light (a), and as they appear under UV light (b). Image taken from MAJERUS, BRUNTON STALKER, 2000 It was their conclusion that moth colour provides sufficient camouflage both in human-visible and UV- spectra to crutose lichens (as appose to different lichen flora originally hypothesised to be rested upon by black and peppered morphs). Ultimately, strong selection pressures gave way to relatively rapid the evolution of the carbonaria form in industrialised areas due to the advantages of its dark colour (predator avoidance etc). Methods and Results Assignment 1: Testing the Hardy-Weinberg Principle: Method Using PopGenLab, we are able to set up hypothetical experiments to observe the factors that influence the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium in a population. We can do this by manipulating different input parameters (genotype frequency, tree type, number of stands (groups of trees), stand size (number of trees within a group), migration rate, mating pattern and disaster frequency). For this assignment the input parameters are as follows: Number of stands = 1 All other input parameters are left at default values (equal allele frequencies; genotype frequencies of 50% brown, 25% white, 25% black; equal proportions of each tree type; stand size of 4000; no migration; random mating; disaster frequency set at Never. Results Q 1.1) When looking at the allele and genotype frequencies, there is a change in both over time. All populations behave differently to one another. This is because the only active evolutionary force is genetic drift. Fig. 4 shows that allele frequencies change Catherine Carrick 200884273 over time due to genetic drift, but as all the conditions of the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium are fixed the allele frequencies must equal 1 and so the variation in allele frequency of A becomes the negative of the frequency of a. (Fig. 4). Figure 4. Showing allele frequencies changing over time due to genetic drift. Blue line = Allele A, Red line = Allele a, Green line = average over all stands for allele A Q 1.2) When the initial allele frequencies are changed to A=80% (p), a = 20% (q) (p ² = 0.8 x 0.8 = 0.64); AA = 64% (equilibrium reached after one generation) (Fig 6). If all the Hardy Weinberg conditions are all fixed, the equilibrium will always be reduced in the next generation (Fig.5 and 6). Fig. 5. shows the initial genotype frequency compared with Fig. 6. which shows the genotype frequency after one generation. The actual genotype frequencies (worked out with average stand number) match the Hardy Weinberg predictions as they stay within 1% of the previous generations genotype frequency, across every generation thereafter. However, the percentage may change by 1% due to genetic drift. Figure 5. Display of the initial genotype frequency. Catherine Carrick 200884273 Figure 6. Shows the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium is reached after one generation where 0.64=64% homozygous AA individuals. Assignment 2: Genetic Drift Method Q 2.1) Firstly we ran an experiment with default values for all the Hardy Weinberg conditions and 100 populations. We then ran a series of experiments with 100 populations and default parameters for all conditions except tree stand size which was systematically reduced for each experiment. We recorded the effects on allele and genotype frequency (below). Fig. 7 shows that stand size 10 produced the largest fluctuations of allele frequencies, and displayed the most cases of allele fixing. Results Stand size = 4000 (carrying capacity) Allele frequency- the average remains constant for A and a Genotype frequency stays relatively constant throughout. Stand size = 2000 Allele frequency the average show slight variation Genotype frequency stays relatively constant. Stand size = 1000 Allele frequency the average starts to diverge more with each generation from F45 (generation 45) onwards showing a lot more variation than in larger stand sizes Genotype frequency the average frequency stays constant although there is some variation compared with larger stand sizes Catherine Carrick 200884273 Stand size = 500 Allele frequency The average shows variation in the later generations Genotype frequency the average stays relatively constant but still with more variation than in any other larger stand thus far Stand size = 250 Allele frequency the average shows some variation in the mid-generations, but this returns to a 50:50 frequency in the later generations Genotype frequency on average, the frequency of both white and black variations of moth increases and shows a large variation between stands. Heterozygosity the brown variation decreases by 9% over 100 generations Stand size = 100 Allele frequency the average shows more variation, but to the point where in some stands alleles within individual populations become fixed Genotype frequency the frequency of homozygotes increases. In some stands the homozygosity (black) becomes fixed, phasing out the other tow variations (white and brown) Heterozygosity drops by 22% Stand size = 50 Allele frequency frequencies become fixed for a single allele quickly (by F23) Genotype frequency Many stands become fixed for one variation within a few generations Heterozygosity drops by 33% after 100 generations Stand size = 10 Allele frequency becomes fixed within a population after two generations, and continues to become fixed in other populations. By F77, all are fixed Genotype frequency every single genotype becomes homozygous or extinct Heterozygosity by F77 all heterozygosity is lost and by F100 there are only homozygous populations, with the other (70%) becoming extinct There are many variations in allele and genotype frequency between different stands because as the stand number decreases, the chance of genetic drift increases. Figure 7 shows that at stand size 10, heterozygosity was lost completely by F77. Catherine Carrick 200884273 Figure 7. (stand size 10): this produced the largest fluctuations of allele frequencies, and displayed the most cases of allele fixing. (Blue = A, Red = a, Green = average) Q 2.2) As the stand size decreased, so did the heterozygosity. Populations began fixation in stand size 100 to stand size 50. As the stand size decreased, the number of fixed alleles increased. When the carrying capacity became too small, there was not enough variation to prevent fixation. Random mating account for the variation between fixed and non-fixed alleles in stand size 100 and stand size 50. Fig. 8. shows that with a stand size of 10, heterozygosity diminished completely by F77. Therefore, the smaller the population, the quicker heterozygosity is lost. Figure 8. Question 2:2 (stand size 10): This shows the heterozygosity diminished completely by F77. The green line (average) tends to diminishing heterozygosity. Catherine Carrick 200884273 Figure 9. Question 2:3 (stand size 10): Shows population of stand number 15 and how it fluctuates around the average value, it also shows that when the population dwindled to a certain point, it wasnt able to re-establish the numbers enough to prevent extinction. Q 2.3) Yes populations from stand size 10 became extinct (70% of them) therefore, as the carrying capacity decreases, the risk of extinction increases. There is variation within generations due to factors like predation or whether the offspring are male biased for example. There may be a lower population size in the next generation depending on mating strategies (random mating) and occasionally, the parameters reach a point of no return and the population can not recover and so becomes extinct. Others avoid extinction because the experiment is random. Fig. 9. (where stand size = 10) shows population of stand number 15 and how it fluctuates around the average value, it also shows that when the population dwindled to a certain point, it wasnt able to re-establish the numbers enough to prevent extinction. Assignment 3: The Influence of Mating Patterns on Population Genetics Method In this experiment we set all default parameters except for the number of tree stands which was set to 100. The first experiment was carried out with random mating, and the subsequent experiments with non-random mating. We then varied the population size as before, this time to compare the effects of assertive mating with genetic drift. Results Q 3.1) The effects of 25% assortative mating: Genotype frequency 25% assortative mating causes an increase in homozygotes, and heterozygosity is lost by F80 Allele frequency (produces a sigmoidal shaped graph). All become fixed for a single allele. Heterozygosity the average heterozygosity is lost at F80 Catherine Carrick 200884273 50% assortative mating: Genotype frequency all homozygotes with an almost 1:1 ratio aa being slightly more dominant Allele frequency (sigmoidal graph) all fixed by F50 Heterozygosity lost by F33 (average heterozygosity) 100% assortative mating Genotype frequency quickly becomes homozygote dominated Allele frequency All fixed fro a single allele by F15 Heterozygosity Average lost by F4 Heterozygosity is lost under assortative mating. This is because heterozygotes are at a reproductive disadvantage as homozygotes will mate with like genotypes. Heterozygotes will not be produced by these matings either. Q 3.2) Results Population size 2000 (stand size), 100% assortative mating: Genotype frequency all homozygous by F4 Allele f fixed by F14 Heterozygosity average lost by F4 Population size 2000, 50% assortative mating Genotype f all homozygous by F25 Allele f all fixed by F29 Heterozygosity average lost by F25 Population size 250, 100% assortative mating Genotype f all homozygous by F4 Allele f all fixed by F12 Heterozygosity lost at F4 Population size 250, 50% assortative mating Genotype f all homozygous by F25 Allele f all fixed by F28 Heterozygosity lost at F25 Assortative mating dominates control of allele frequencies and the speed that alleles become fixed within a population compared with the effects of genetic drift (because the homozygotes are all mating with the same genotype and not with heterozygotes). Assortative mating is not dependant on carrying capacity. The size of the population is irrelevant when assortative mating is occurring. The results are similar for a high or a low population size. Catherine Carrick 200884273 Q 3.3) Method We conducted a series of experiments using disassortative mating and selected different levels of mating between 0% (random mating) and 100% (only unlike phenotypes mate). We then changed the population size from 2000 to 250 to see the effects of disassortative mating on genetic drift. Results Dissasortative mating shows that AA and aa will mate which increases heterozygosity and stabilises the population as shown in the results below: Population size 2000, 100% disassortative mating Geno (genotype frequency) heterozygote is predominant Allele (allele frequency) none become fixed. There is variation but it stays within 31% 68% variation Hetero (heterozygosity) increases in the first generation then remains constant Pop size 2000, 50% disassortative mating Geno predominantly heterozygote Allele none become fixed. There is less variation than with 100% disassortative mating. Variation is between 43% and 57% Hetero Increases in 1st generation and remains constant Pop size 250, 100% disassortative mating Geno -slight heterozygote increase Allele No fixed alleles. There is much greater variation than seen previously with a larger population size, between 21% and 79% Hetero increases in 1st generation then remains steady and begins to decrease. Remains above the initial percentage Pop size 250, 50% disassortative mating Geno heterozygosity increases steadily Allele No fixed alleles. Variation is less than with 100% disassortative mating and population size of 250. Variation levels out between 33% and 67% Hetero increases in the 1st generation and remains constant with a few small fluctuations which level back out Q 3.4) There would be more heterozygosity in the next generation when disassortative mating occurs and if this kind of mating is maintained, the effects of genetic drift occur much slower because the populations are prevented from diverging. Fig. 10 shows the comparison between disassortative mating and random mating where random mating allows genetic drift. Drift can still occur during dissasortative mating when the carrying capacity is very low. Catherine Carrick 200884273 Figure 10. (picture on left): Random mating, pop size 250 showing genetic drift acting to diverge allele frequencies. (picture on right): 50% dissassortative mating, population size 250 shows that dissasortative mating acts to counter genetic drift. Q 3.5) Method For this experiment we varied the initial genotype frequency for assortative and disassortative mating. We tried experiments where the initial allele frequency favoured one or the other allele. Fig. 11 show starting frequencies of 50/50% assortative mating. A small deviation in starting frequencies affects the final fixation percentages (Fig. 11). We did not include the brown allele in this experiment as the extra variable is not needed. Figure 11) Shows starting frequencies of 50/50% (50%-white allele, 50% black allele) with assortative mating = 100%. Small deviation in starting freq effects final fixation percentages. Catherine Carrick 200884273 Results Under dissassortative mating the time taken for equilibrium to establish is negatively correlated with the degree of deviation from a 1:1 starting allele ratio. Under assortative mating, fixation or loss of alleles is negatively correlated with the degree of deviation from a 1:1 starting allele ratio. Assignment 4: Modes of Natural Selection Q 4.1) Method In this experiment we investigated how fitness affects changes in allele frequency in the population. We began with default parameters except tree stand number (set at 100) and genotype frequencies. We changed the tree frequency to set up several experiments under conditions of directional selection for dark moths, directional selection for light moths, balancing selection favouring the brown moth, and diversifying selection favouring the dark and light moths. We tried experiments with the different conditions of selection and initial allele frequencies near zero and one. Results Directional selection for black moths where they tree frequencies are 50% black, 25% white and 25% brown trees gave the following results: Allele frequency becomes fixed rapidly by F10 (on average by F9) Genotype frequencies at F10 genotype becomes fixed for black allele In a small population, alleles become fixed more quickly but in larger populations allele frequencies are not affected as much. We kept the population size high so we would not see genetic drift in the experiment (4000 carrying capacity) with tree frequencies of 35%, 32% and 33%. Even the small amount of selection (35% black trees) shows fixation of alleles for the black morph of moth (Fig. 12). Selection for light moths gives the same results as selection for black moths. Figure 12. shows allele becoming fixed rapidly, due to a tiny increase in black trees on left, white trees on right (35 %) Catherine Carrick 200884273 Q 4.2) Starting figures are as follows: Black tree 25% Allele black 25% Brown tree 50% Allele brown 50% White tree 25% Allele white 25% After one generation, allele frequency remains stable (between 48% and 52%) and the genotype frequency becomes predominantly brown. This is because there is always the presence of black and white genotypes which cause slight variation. If you change the selection of trees to black 10%, white 10%, brown 80%, almost identical results occur (between 49% and 51% variation in allele frequency = stabilized). Q 4.3) To show diversifying selection we set the tree types to 45% black, 45% white and 10% brown. Genotype frequency by the 1st generation, there was a large decrease in brown morphs of moth and the equivalent increase in black and white morphs. This continues till F5 when the black morph became slightly more dominant (on average) due to random mating. The brown morph was phased out by F18 (on average) on most of the 100 tree stands. All alleles become fixed for either black or white by F23 (49% white, 51% black) (Fig 13). Figure 13. Shows 50% black and 50% white showing a 1:1 ratio Q 4.4) Small differences in fitness are effective in changing allele frequencies. Small differences in fitness have proportionally slower rates of allele frequency change compared with large differences in fitness. We conducted additional experiments with varying proportions of tree types. The results are as follows: (Where stand size = 4000, number of stands = 100, allele frequencies = white 20%, brown 60%, black 20%, tree frequencies = white 32%, brown 32%, black 36%). Even though there are a lower proportion of black alleles (A) to begin with, those alleles will have a higher fitness than white or brown as there is a higher percentage of black tree types. Over time this will equate to an increase in black morphs. There is, however, a Catherine Carrick 200884273 point where even if the black allele is fittest but there isnt a high enough population in the first place, it will crash and not recover. Q 4.5) Genetic variation is maintained under balancing selection because the allele frequencies remain stable. There is no fixation (presuming the all mating is random). The heterozygote allele is favoured and thus balances the homozygous allele. Assignment 5: Migration Q 5.1) Migration counteracts the effects of genetic drift. (Fig 14 and 15) Figure 14. Stand size of 500 and no migration shows heterozygosity varying over all populations. Green line = average heterozygosity over all populations. Figure 15. Shows stand size 500, and 8% migration. Shows migration maintains heterozygosity and there is less deviation from the average (green line) Catherine Carrick 200884273 Assignment 6: Population Bottlenecks Q 6.1) Disaster led to the loss of alleles and reduced heterozygosity. The more disasters there where, the more decreased the diversity became. (Fig 16, 17, 18) Figure 16. Control condition Shows low drift conferred by high population sizes (4000), all other variables adjusted to give Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Figure 17. Disaster parameters set to sometimes as opposed to never. Individual populations prone to fixation and loss of alleles. Catherine Carrick 200884273 Figure 18. Disaster frequency set to often rather than sometimes. Loss of diversity occurs faster than in figure 13 with most populations losing one or the other allele by generation 80. Q 6.2) Disaster increased the rate of extinction. The more regular the disaster, the more extinctions. Q 6.3) Migration moderated the effect that disasters had on the population. Discussion The results of our experiments clearly show that genetic drift effects smaller populations where heterozygoisity is lost rapidly and as the carrying capacity decreases, the risk of extinction increases. The is because the proportion of individuals with a certain phenotype within a small population are largely influenced by random variation in survival, and over time, the change in proportion of genotypes in subsequent generations leads to genetic drift. If one was to aim to conserve a hypothetical species, one would expect that because it is endangered, it would be a small population. To maintain genetic diversity among this species, one would need a large enough breeding population to begin with. Unfortunately, as is the case with most endangered species, populations become geographically isolated, mainly due to human disruption of habitat. Migration between breeding populations decreases and they become fragmented. Conservation efforts may be due to natural disasters such as tsunam is, fires etc, but are mainly to prevent the constant onslaught of human activities such as illegal logging in conservation areas. Figure 17 illustrates the effects of a bottleneck following a disaster, showing reduced variability (and a small population) leading to loss and/or fixation of alleles. As with genetic drift, the way to prevent population crashes, or rather soften the effects of bottlenecks, is to encourage migration among populations. This can be achieved by implementing the protection of corridors between known endangered populations. In theory, the populations can migrate between areas, maintaining a high enough level of breeding and genetic variation, to counter the effects of inbreeding depression or genetic drift (Fig 14 and 15). An example of how corridors may re-connect fragmented populations can be seen in Bhutans Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park (www.panthera.org). Catherine Carrick 200884273 Figure 19. Map of known tiger populations (red) and proposed tiger corridors (orange). Data taken from www.panthera.org The proposed Eastern Himalayan corridor may help towards connecting isolated populations of tigers, and thus increasing genetic diversity (if these populations successfully reproduce with one another) (Fig 19). Random mating, as apposed to assortative mating, will increase heterozygosity and stabilise a population (Fig 10). This acts against genetic drift and stops the population form diverging as quickly. In a hypothetical situation then, you would preferably allow mating to occur naturally and at random. However, some conservation efforts include that of translocation of individuals or cross breeding certain individuals from separate populations. For this to be advantageous to the species, one must consider maintaining genetic diversity by genotyping the individuals before translocation. It would be senseless to swap or breed an AA individual with another AA individual from a separate population as this would lead to loss or fixation and not increase diversity. Our studies with B. betularia in question 4 to 4.5 show that intermediates are favoured over extreme phenotypes and that genetic variation is maintained under balancing (stabilizing) selection because the allele frequencies remain stable. There is no fixation (presuming the all mating is random). The heterozygote allele is favoured and thus balances the homozygous allele. As well as considering the genetic diversity of a species and its genealogy, one must understand the species by means of observations in the field including its behaviour. Later studies of B. betularia reinforced the need for such observations as it was found to rest high in the branches rather than on the trunks of trees as previously calculated. Also, modern science allowed for the study of its UV qualities which had otherwise been unaccounted for when considering levels of predation by birds. A close study of mating patterns should ideally be assessed to ensure the outcome of migration; corridors, translocation etc will be advantageous in terms of fitness. Catherine Carrick 200884273

Narrative Essays: To Tell a Story Essay

There are four types of essays: Exposition – gives information about various topics to the reader. Description – describes in detail characteristics and traits. Argument – convinces the reader by demonstrating the truth or falsity of a topic. Narrative – tells a story, usually from one person’s viewpoint. A narrative essay uses all the story elements – a beginning and ending, plot, characters, setting and climax – all coming together to complete the story. Essential Elements of Narrative Essays The focus of a narrative essay is the plot, which is told using enough details to build to a climax. Here’s how: It is usually told chronologically. It usually has a purpose, which is usually stated in the opening sentence. It may use dialogue.  It is written with sensory details and vivid descriptions to involve the reader. All these details relate in some way to the main point the writer is making. All of these elements need to seamlessly combine. A few examples of narrative essays follow. Narrative essays can be quite long, so instead of a full length example of an entire essay, only the beginnings of essays are included: Learning Can Be Scary This excerpt about learning new things and new situations is an example of a personal narrative essay that describes learning to swim. â€Å"Learning something new can be a scary experience. One of the hardest things I’ve ever had to do was learn how to swim. I was always afraid of the water, but I decided that swimming was an important skill that I should learn. I also thought it would be good exercise and help me to become physically  stronger. What I didn’t realize was that learning to swim would also make me a more confident person. New situations always make me a bit nervous, and my first swimming lesson was no exception. After I changed into my bathing suit in the locker room, I stood timidly by the side of the pool waiting for the teacher and other students to show up. After a couple of minutes the teacher came over. She smiled and introduced herself, and two more students joined us. Although they were both older than me, they didn’t seem to be embarrassed about not knowing how to swim. I began to feel more at ease.† The Manager. The Leader. The following excerpt is a narrative essay from a story about a manager who was a great leader. Notice the intriguing first sentence that captures your attention right away. â€Å"Jerry was the kind of guy you love to hate. He was always in a good mood and always had something positive to say. When someone would ask him how he was doing, he would reply, â€Å"If I were any better, I would be twins!† He was a unique manager because he had several waiters who had followed him around from restaurant to restaurant. The reason the waiters followed Jerry was because of his attitude. He was a natural motivator. If an employee was having a bad day, Jerry was there telling the employee how to look on the positive side of the situation.† The Climb This excerpt from the climb also captures your attention right away by creating a sense of mystery. The reader announces that he or she has â€Å"this fear† and you want to read on to see what that fear is. â€Å"I have this fear. It causes my legs to shake. I break out in a cold sweat. I start jabbering to anyone who is nearby. As thoughts of certain death run through my mind, the world appears a precious, treasured place. I imagine my own funeral, then shrink back at the implications of where my thoughts are taking me. My stomach feels strange. My palms are clammy. I am terrified of heights.Of course, it’s not really a fear of being in a high place. Rather, it is the view of a long way to fall, of rocks far below me and no firm wall between me and the edge. My sense of security is screamingly absent. There  are no guardrails, flimsy though I picture them, or other safety devices. I can rely only on my own surefootedness—or lack thereof.† Disney Land The following narrative essay involves a parent musing about taking her kids to Disney Land. â€Å"It was a hot sunny day, when I finally took my kids to the Disney Land. My son Matthew and my daughter Audra endlessly asked me to show them the dream land of many children with Mickey Mouse and Snow-white walking by and arousing a huge portion of emotions. Somehow these fairy tale creatures can make children happy without such â€Å"small† presents as $100 Lego or a Barby’s house in 6 rooms and garden furniture. Therefore, I thought that Disney Land was a good invention for loving parents.† The Sacred Grove of Oshogbo by Jeffrey Tayler The following essay contains descriptive language that helps to paint a vivid picture for the reader of an encounter with a man. â€Å"As I passed through the gates I heard a squeaky voice. A diminutive middle-aged man came out from behind the trees — the caretaker. He worked a toothbrush-sized stick around in his mouth, digging into the crevices between algae’d stubs of teeth. He was barefoot; he wore a blue batik shirt known as a buba, baggy purple trousers, and an embroidered skullcap. I asked him if he would show me around the shrine. Motioning me to follow, he spat out the results of his stick work and set off down the trail.† Playground Memory The first excerpt from, â€Å"Playground Memory†, has very good sensory details. â€Å"Looking back on a childhood filled with events and memories, I find it rather difficult to pick on that leaves me with the fabled â€Å"warm and fuzzy feelings.† As the daughter of an Air Force Major, I had the pleasure of traveling across America in many moving trips. I have visited the monstrous trees of the Sequoia National Forest, stood on the edge of the Grande Canyon and have jumped on the beds at Caesar’s Palace in Lake Tahoe. However, I  have discovered that when reflecting on my childhood, it is not the trips that come to mind, instead there are details from everyday doings; a deck of cards, a silver bank or an ice cream flavor. One memory that comes to mind belongs to a day of no particular importance. It was late in the fall in Merced, California on the playground of my old elementary school; an overcast day with the wind blowing strong. I stood on the blacktop, pulling my hoodie over my ears. The wind was causing miniature tornados; we called them â€Å"dirt devils†, to swarm around me.† Christmas Cookies The second of the two narrative essay examples is an excerpt from â€Å"Christmas Cookies.† â€Å"Although I have grown up to be entirely inept at the art of cooking, as to make even the most wretched chef ridicule my sad baking attempts, my childhood would have indicated otherwise; I was always on the countertop next to my mother’s cooking bowl, adding and mixing ingredients that would doubtlessly create a delicious food. When I was younger, cooking came intrinsically with the holiday season, which made that time of year the prime occasion for me to unite with ounces and ounces of satin dark chocolate, various other messy and gooey ingredients, numerous cooking utensils, and the assistance of my mother to cook what would soon be an edible masterpiece. The most memorable of the holiday works of art were our Chocolate Crinkle Cookies, which my mother and I first made when I was about six and are now made annually.† Ads by Google Online Screenwriting Award Winning Instructor. Includes Free One-on-One Consult. www.writeyourscreenplay.com Salvation-How God Saves How our Creator reconciles with us through his great sacrifice www.godsavesus.com Tips on Writing a Narrative Essay When writing a narrative essay, remember that you are sharing sensory and emotional details with the reader. Your words need to be vivid and colorful to help the reader feel the same feelings that you felt. Elements of the story need to support the point you are making and you need to remember to make reference to that point in the first sentence. You should make use of conflict and sequence like in any story. You may use flashbacks and flash forwards to help the story build to a climax. It is usually written in the first person, but third person may also be used. Remember, a well-written narrative essay tells a story and makes a point.

George Orwell’s Animal Farm Conflicts Essay

In this controlled assessment I am going to explain in my own words and by using quotes from the book how George Orwell refers to at least three conflicts in the fable Animal Farm. George Orwell wrote the controversial book Animal Farm, and very nearly didn’t get it published. But in 1945 Secker and Warburg published the book and has since become one of the most read and talked about books of our time. Orwell tells his story which refers to the Russian revolution by using an allegory form of text. Orwell’s book can be read and interpreted on at least two different levels of understanding. 1) Being a fable, which children would hear how animals have taken over the farm and are all living, working and singing together ect. Or the 2nd) in which adults would read it and in most cases, working class family’s would be able to relate to the theme of the book. In the book George Orwell explains to the reader how one of the main characters Old Major (who represents in rea l life Vladimir lenin and karl marx.) who is â€Å"the prize middle white boar† and the most respected and knowledgeable animal on the farm has had a dream. Old Major organises a meeting with all the other farm animals in the barn that night. He explains to all the animals the dream he has had and how they would all be better off without the humans (Mr Jones) Old Major goes on to say â€Å"man is the only real enemy we have. Remove man from the scene, and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished forever† Three nights later Old Major dies and we are introduced to the pigs! â€Å"who were generally recognised as being the cleverest of the animals† the pigs took over the running of the farm animals which soon started to show signs of tension between the two main characters Napoleon and Snowball who are portraying Stalin and Trotsky. Orwell shows us several different conflicts between the two pigs, regardless of the fact that they are both working on getting a better kind of life for themselves and the other animals. Or so they make out to be. However soon after the rebellion had formed and â€Å"jones was expelled† the relationship between Napoleon and Snowball begins to worsen. Consequently the two farm dogs had just had a litter of pups which Napoleon had taken away soon after they had been born, to secretly train them to become his own private guard dogs. After constantly feeling like he is losing his role as leader, Napoleon sets the â€Å"fierce dogs† on Snowball who chase him of the farm and is never to be seen again. Orwell uses the adjective word â€Å"fierce† in this part of the story to emphasize to the reader just how much tension there has been between the two pigs, He uses connotations and adjectives such as â€Å"enormous dogs wearing brass studded collars† to describe the size and look of the dogs chasing Snowball, Therefor leaving Napoleon solely in charge. Soon after this the animals begin to build a windmill which Snowball had originally planned, but with Snowball being gone N apoleon took it upon himself to portray it as his own. Here Orwell tells us of another form of conflict beginning by using connotations such as â€Å"slaves† to describe how hard the Animals have been working instead of using words like hard or more than usual! The animals work hard all year and often go with not nearly enough food but yet still do not complain. The winter that year is hard and Orwell uses short and simple sentences such as â€Å"November came with raging south west winds† to build an atmosphere before using verbs such as â€Å"violent† to describe the winds before the reader goes on to read that there was a terrible storm and the windmill is blown down while only half way built. Napoleon automatically blames this on Snowball and additionally everything else that goes wrong too. Napoleon constantly goes on about things that are going wrong so that the other animals also start to believe that Snowball is the one doing it. Further to this, another less tangible conflict is that between appearances and the reality all throughout the book the pigs manipulate the commandments to justify Napoleon’s behaviour. For example, Squealer (who represents propaganda) persuades the other animals that Snowball actually lead the humans to the farm to have what is now named the â€Å"battle of the cowshed†. The â€Å"battle of the cowshed† was fought and won by the animals at the side of the barn where the commandments are written on, and have over time gradually been winded down to one â€Å"all animals are equal, but some are more equal than others† The animals can never quiet remember if or when they have been changed so just assume that they have not and they have always been this was from the beginning.

Blogging And Social Networking...The New World Order Essay

Is giving people what they want making happiness or argument in the end? Using the internet has started becoming a popular way of getting information and staying in contact with friends and family, but is blogging and social networking a way to stay in touch or a â€Å"way to BE the news.† Blogging is becoming so popular some are worried that it is widening the gray area between right and wrong/ fact and fiction. On the pro blogger side some say they do not publish anything that would get them sued or that they did not research thoroughly. Blogs are being used to speak on everything the main stream media is afraid to say. â€Å"The Cult of an Amateur† is an essay giving the opinion that blogging and internet sources like Wikipedia, YouTube,†¦show more content†¦Comparing the growth of mainstream blogging as a positive move into the future verses seeing the situation as amateurs putting their opinion for the world to see as fact all over the internet is like comparing a dell computer to a Mac both have their ups and downs. Yes i t is true anyone can their opinion post it on the internet and someone else may see it as fact but it is not far to say about everyone. Also when doing research and trying to find answers the researchers’ job is to seek out the creditability of the article and even get other opinions from different sites. Blogs are for freedom of expression criticizing them because of their factual content is not fair to the majority of people who view their blogs as somewhat of an online dairy viewable by the world. I think good as well as bad can be found in anything. Blogs can be viewed as a faster way to get news around as well as a new opened door into issues and topics the mainstream media refuses to explore. Blogging encourages people to express their opinions and maybe this can get our society to come to a agreement on issues that have been talked about and talked about but never resolved such as the abortion pro life/pro choice or another hot topic of gay marriageShow MoreRelatedSoc ial Media Techniques1240 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Media Techniques Abstract The first section of the paper addresses the effects that different types of social networking have on companies. The social media techniques discussed in the following section are social networking, micro-blogging, and photo sharing. The paper also includes an article review section of an article published in Business Report in 2008 regarding theories of leadership. Social media techniques The world of business has become more and more competitive, determiningRead MoreSocial Media and Networking1019 Words   |  5 PagesFind below an essay I whipped up this morning in class on social media and networking, their implications, advantages, limitations, and effects on society. I d appreciate any feedback and correction of factual errors. It was a lot of fun to write :) A social network is a structure of individuals and organizations that models their relations to one another. They are not unique to the Web, but their manifestation as data has lent itself to be analyzed. Special attention can be paid to the mathematicalRead MoreFreedom and Constraints in Social Media Essay1587 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough Anonymous A new age has developed and society is altering to adapt to new forms of technological communication. Through the use of the vast Internet through the use of social networking, image boards, blog sites and news media, society is altering in a way never seen before. Over the past couple of decades, the use of the Internet has expanded and grown exponentially as new technology develops. Since the introduction of social networking as well as alternative news media sites, the wayRead MoreThe Effective Use Of Social Media1553 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Social media became more prominent in business world along the growth of social media. The study of the usage of social media in fortune 500 1and Inc. 5002 shows that large number of companies is very familiar to social media and adopts them to run their business (Barnes, 2010). Several kinds of social media are around nowadays, however, not all of them are effective in business. Although the adoption rate of social media is growing year by year, some kind of social media are declining suchRead MoreSocial Networks : Social Network Sites1160 Words   |  5 PagesSocial networks are sites that are often used as a way for individuals to express who they are and allow all the creativity inside to be shared with the rest of the world. Blogging websites such as Tumblr (being one of the most widely used in this generation of young adults) and before that, Myspace, allowed its users to customize their profiles. All types of social network sites allow their users to upload a profile pic ture that expresses who they are as an individual and like Facebook, a coverRead MoreTechnology Trends Essay1936 Words   |  8 Pagesto living in a technology world. These trends are particularly important to the school librarian because many students are living their lives through the web. In order to reach those students, the librarian must be knowledgeable about the trends and applications and be able to use and apply them in a library setting. By using them, the librarian makes the library relevant to students, and brings the library to students where the students are. The first trend is social communication through variousRead MoreSocial Media As A Marketing Platform1176 Words   |  5 PagesThe world that we reside in currently has been introduced to a fresh phenomenon, which has completely taken over the world of communication. Consumers from all over the globe were accustomed to communicating with one another one on one. Local hangouts, temples, and parks where places were consumers communicated and formed relationships with one another. However, over the last few years things have drastically changed. With the invention of the Internet and the technologies that utilize them, theRead MoreThe Utilization Of Online Networking1621 Words   |  7 PagesIn this season of globalization, the world has transform into too little a spot because of the electronic media and entries. Correspondence has turned out strong as at no other time because of the coming of web. The long range informal communication destinations are picking up a considerable measur e of ubiquity nowadays by the greater part of the informed youth utilizing either such site. These have assumed an imperative part in connecting limits and intersection the oceans and empowering them toRead MoreNews Writing Style Ethics And Journalism1283 Words   |  6 PagesJournalism Simons Perskaart DOM.jpg News Writing style Ethics Objectivity News values Attribution Defamation Editorial independence Journalism school Index of journalism articles Areas Arts Business Data Entertainment Environment Fashion Medicine Politics Science Sports Technology Trade Traffic Weather World Genres Advocacy Analytic Blogging Broadcast Citizen Civic Collaborative Comics-based Community Database Gonzo Immersion Investigative Literary Muckraking Narrative New Journalism Non-profit OnlineRead MoreChallenges with Freedom of Speech1008 Words   |  4 Pagesfreedom of speech has continued to face several challenges in the recent past. Some of the major challenges to freedom of speech include new technological and social issues or concerns, the Internet, and government legislations such as the Patriot Act. Additionally, the other challenge with this concept is the need to limit its extreme forms such as hate speech in order to protect other human rights (Freedom of Expression, n.d.). The need to limit technologies that provide unprecedented opportunities

The Death Penalty Of Capital Punishment - 1333 Words

â€Å"At 8:30 p.m. the first jolt of 1900 volts of electricity passed through Mr. Evan’s body. It lasted thirty seconds. Sparks and flames erupted from the electrode tied to Mr. Evan’s left leg. His body slammed against the straps holding him in the electric chair and his fist clenched permanently. The electrode apparently burst from the strap holding it in place. A large puff of grayish smoke and sparks poured out from under the hood that covered Mr. Evan’s face. An overpowering stench of burnt flesh and clothing began pervading the witness room. Two doctors examined Mr. Evans and declared that he was not dead.† What you just heard was a horrifying account of just one, of the many terrible mishaps, that have occurred in the history of the†¦show more content†¦It is time to realize that an â€Å"eye for an eye† will, indeed, make the whole world blind. First and foremost, I would like to address the legal and economic troubles that the system of capital punishment bring to the forefront. More specifically, the legal proceedings, and what seems to be a never ending process of appeals and reviews, has shown that even after years of â€Å"experimentation,† this system can’t be patched up; capital punishment has manifested as a costly and ineffective form of punishment. According to the Assessment of Costs by Judge Arthur Alarcon and Professor Paula Mitchell, California has spent $4 billion on capital punishment in 33 years, with half ($1.94 billion) of this going into litigation costs which are mostly borne by the taxpayer. Even more surprising, the authors calculated that if those currently on death row were instead, commuted to sentences of life without parole, it would result in savings of $170 million a year, or $5 billion in just the next 20 years. With cases resulting in death sentences averaging almost $4 million more than those without, an obvious is tradeoff is made with taxpayer funds. Our parent’s and one day our own hard earned money could be put into the executions of 1or 2 criminals or with the savings made by abolishing the death penalty, additional police could be hired to patrol the streets or the root of crime can be attacked by greater

The Reflection of Religious Beliefs in American Politics...

The Reflection of Religious Beliefs in American Politics As many people already know, politicis and religion some times go hand in hand. Recently, president Obama delivered his Inauguration Speech to the world. There were several remarks mentioned that pertained to religion. Many of the remarks can easily tie in with the American culture core values, which include, Americans are among a chosen people, manifest destiny, morality yields prosperity, and the protestant ethic. A Chosen People Chosen People is basically when certain people are pre destined to do certain things, they are among the select. In the Inauguration speech, Obama states various examples of this. One example being, that this nation was set so that everyone were†¦show more content†¦Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny is similar to a chosen people, but not only is manifest destiny a pre destined thing, it also means to see the light at the end of the tunnel, so to speak. As stated before, christianity was pre-destined to be the nations dominant belief. Christianity has ample examples of seeing the light at the end of the tunnel. One of the many examples are the return of Christ. This is probabl what keeps a lot of chirstians from giving up because they know that Christ will come back. One of Obamas quotes stated,...crossed oceans in search of a new light. This was a good explanantion of manifest destiny and seeing the light. Morality yields Proseperity Morality yields prosperity is defined as if you heads Gods commands, you will prosper. An example of morality yielding prosperity is, the idea of prosperity and freedom. Another good moral idea that was mentioned was that God wants everyone to work together and when we work together, good things will come to us. Obama also said, with faith and determination in which our nation relies.... Our nation relies on determination and faith, which God clearly wants us to have. An idea that was thrown out there during the speech was the idea that God wants this nation to have peace, dignity, power, and strength, all which God has stated in various sources, that each one of us need to helpShow MoreRelatedAmerican Government Final Reflection1136 Words   |  5 PagesFinal Reflection/Position Paper American Government March 10, 2013 Final Reflection/Position Paper The purpose of this paper is intended to summarize my views on what has influenced my understanding of politics and government prior to taking this class, and how my understanding is now since completing this course. Pre Reflection/Position My understanding of politics and government prior to taking American Government came from my family and their beliefs. ItRead MoreCall to Renewal Address: Barack Obama1246 Words   |  5 Pagesfolly† (2). In his speech, Obama recommends a middle ground between these two views, in which â€Å"the religiously motivated translate their concerns into universal, rather than religion-specific, values† (7), as the only way to connect religion and politics in a â€Å"pluralistic democracy† (7). This attempt, motivated in part by the role of religion in his own upbringing, is his way to â€Å"bridge the gaps that exist and overcome the prejudices each of us bring† to debates in which â€Å"faith [is] used as a toolRead MoreTaking a Look at Secular Humanism1267 Words   |  5 PagesGod. Secular humanism is defined as a belief system where humanity is the sovereign of all beings, and where reality and information rests in science and reason. The secular humanis tic worldview started as a substitute among religions. Humanism is not a religious belief system in itself, while secular means â€Å"not religious.† A religion is any system of belief that informs an individual’s worldview. The secular humanistic worldview has a distinctive belief on many disciplines such as theology, ethicsRead MoreResurgence of Conservatism1211 Words   |  5 PagesDBQ 15: The Resurgence of Conservatism, 1964-2005 Liberals had dominated American society for most of the 1900s. The 1960s was widely known for being the age of counterculture, social reforms, and liberals. The era witnessed many advancements like racial equality such as the Voting Rights Act of 1965, a strong advancement in political liberalism, and a significant increase in the power and influence of government-funded social programs as a result of Lyndon B. Johnsons Great Society reforms. BeginningRead MoreThe Impact Of Christianity On American Voters Essay1143 Words   |  5 PagesPaper 3: The Impact of Christianity on American Voters American voters are swayed heavily by their upbringing. People tend to share the same political beliefs as their parents; however, religious background gives parental influence a run for its money. In the United States, 78.3% of Americans are Christian making it the most common religious affiliation (Hackett Grim, 2012). Christianity is rooted in truth and love— love for yourself and others. So when it comes to voting for the next presidentRead MoreCulture Wars: The Struggle to Define America by James Davison Hunter1287 Words   |  6 Pagesschool prayer, gay rights, gun politics and many more are all a part of the list of controversies that divide our country. A culture war is a conflict between groups with different ideals, beliefs, and issues. James Davison Hunter’s book, Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America, shows that these issues â€Å"are not isolated from one another but are part of a fabric of conflict which constitutes nothing short of a struggle ov er the meaning of America. Unlike the religious and cultural conflict that historicallyRead MoreThe Revival of Indigenous Movements1862 Words   |  7 PagesMarisol de la Cadena argued that Latin Americas turn to the Left away from neoliberalism in the past few years has been in part due to the revival of indigenous movements (indigenismo) in the Andean countries of Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia. Modern politics on the Left can accommodate these movements when they are concerned with capitalist exploitation, protection of the environment, cultural autonomy and land reform, although it shares the same modernist and rationalist assumptions as the liberalsRead MoreAnne Bradstreet Essay1423 Words   |  6 PagesState in the 1600’s In the 1600’s, Puritans living in both England and New England held their views on God rather tightly and lived their lives as good Christians. Puritans were selfless individuals who had escaped and came to America in search of religious freedom and peace. In literature during that time period, it is made very clear that everything the Puritans had accomplished or acquired was a result of God, and that they were forever in his debt. One of the great poets from this time era was AnneRead MoreThe Authors Conclude With A Few Rehashing Comments Related1658 Words   |  7 Pagesof spirituality in the lives of athletes and the work of sport psychology consultants. My reflection Mixing religion and spirituality is a touchy issue in or outside of sport psychology and is a major ethical issue for anyone engaged in sport psychology consulting or counseling, in general. If you have not spent time thinking through how to handle this issue, perhaps my article review and reflection will stimulate and encourage you to do so. Everyone sees these subjects in so many differentRead MoreTheories That Serve As Lenses For Analyzing Society : Functionalism, Conflict Theory, And Symbolic Interactionism1433 Words   |  6 Pagesvalues shared between groups help to strengthen the integration of society. Other functionalist theories state that religion establish guidelines that help to provide moral beliefs and general principles that maintain order and stability for society, or perhaps offer an outlet for the worship of a higher power. Government and politics within the realm of functionalism is necessary for governing society; government sets collective goals for society and thereby allocates resources to help achieve them

Global Mindset Balances Seasonal Fluctuation

Question: Discuss about theGlobal Mindset for Balances Seasonal Fluctuation. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this essay summarizes the importance of a new perspective in leadership that is a global mindset. The different environment of different sovereign countries that have factors that are strange and foreign to the home environment of an organization, but it has the influence on the decision making of an organizations resource use, and capabilities are known as the global business environment. The global business is important because it acts as a backbone of the global economy (Caligiuria Tarique, 2012). It also gives an opportunity to grow outside the domestic market. It creates jobs, balances seasonal fluctuation, increases sales, and provides an array of products and services. For functioning effectively and efficiently, it is important that the companies operating globally understand the environment of the host country. And for that, a company needs a leader with a global mindset. It is necessary that a company operating globally has a leader who can work across multi ple cultures, understand what a hosting company can offer to the organization, and also attain the goals set by the organization in the global market (Cohen, 2010). Effective Global Leadership According to Caligiuri and Tarique the need of international corporations has been created by the global market (Caligiuria Tarique, 2012). Robert Steven says that it is due to globalization the need of leaders possessing global competencies has increased because of their ability to lead the organizations effectively (Terrell Rosenbusch, 2013). As per Stephen the development of global leadership should be according to the global business strategy (Cohen, 2010). Dennis adds to it that competencies of global leadership include personality traits, skills, and knowledge as well as behaviours (Cumberland, Herd, Alagaraja, Kerrick, 2016). Todays world is intercultural, interdependent, and interconnected. Many changes have taken place in the day to day operations for a leader. The expectations are also changed. Today an effective global leader should have an ability to perform outside his comfort zone. Then only it can integrate the complexity of the global business and lead in todays interconnected, interdependent, and intercultural workplace (Cumberland, Herd, Alagaraja, Kerrick, 2016).For being an effective leader one has to have the power to listen to others and understand what they want. There are few competencies that are expected to be in a global leader like overseas experience which demands the understanding of doing business in a flat world. A successful global leader excels in his cultural perspective and also learns the different contexts required to do business globally. Having deep self-awareness is also important for a global leader who helps in understanding the difference of beliefs between two countr ies. It also includes the toleration and adaptability of deep-seated beliefs of others that help in succeeding in the global business environment. Cultural diversity is the first thing a leader has to understand when meeting someone of the different culture. The leader should have an intense interest in the cultures and lives of other and increase the sensitivity towards the cultural diversity. One should always be ready to learn from others which will help him to understand new ways to fight difficulties, which can be related to business or life (Luzinski, 2014). A leader should show humility towards what are others want to share from their life experience. Lifelong curiosity to learn how the world is evolving will help a leader to grab new opportunities. Learning is important in all the aspects of life, and learning never ends. An effective leader follows the rule of cautious honesty in todays business environment, where he should tell the truth but only that much that is required by the other person. A global leader should have good negotiation skills as it is essential in doing business across the world. A global leader should be able to make his presence felt by others. This enhances his leadership effectiveness. If a global leader has the ability to converse in more than one language, then it adds brownie points to the leaders success. And finally, a global leader should have global strategic thinking which will help him in taking the best decision of his company keeping in mind the global requirement (Reis, 2011) Leadership competencies are not just in-born they can be acquired and developed as per the requirement of the organization internally and externally. If a lea.der has a strong motivation to achieve its target and the capability to achieve it than any leader can gain the competencies needed to be a global leader. A leader should be able to identify the competencies needed to be developed in him. Typically there are three levels of competencies required by the leader, and they are Personal Competencies which includes creativity, integrity, emotional balance, self-criticism, determination, and tenacity. The second competency is Interpersonal Competencies that consists of respect, delegation, charisma/engagement, and communication (Longo McMillan, 2015). The third level of competency is Business Competencies which includes negotiating skills, networking, resource management, and business vision. Once a leader identifies the competencies, he requires to work on he can polish it with lear ning and experience. For example, a multinational company is operating in a host country, India. The global leader working in the branch office lacks the competency of resource management. He can always take help of the experience he had with the head quarter office of finding resources and use it in the host countrys office (Segalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Horn, 1996). Due to the cultural difference, there may be some problems in finding proper resources, but an efficient leader never quits and learns to deal with the situation. Taking a local help can also help the leader to attain his goal in being successful in managing resources well. Leader working as his head can also help in sharing their experiences and teaching him new things about resource management. This way using the internal and the external business environment a leader can enhance the competency quality which he lacks (Mobley, Li, Wang, 2011). A companys vision showing global consistency requires an effective global leader. Though aims and goals are set locally but they are to be fulfilled in another country with different beliefs and culture. A global mindset will be able to provide a new competitive edge to the organization in the global market. Global leaders come from the same trade practices, but they take more responsibilities than a local leader. There are unlimited opportunities in the global market which is necessary to be identified and worked on. Thus, to survive in the global market experience outside the organization is very important (Reis, 2011). An example of the effectiveness of the global leadership is of a famous chain of fast-food restaurant McDonalds. McDonalds allows the host countries to design their own bags, buns, and business practices, to cater the local market. McDonalds would not have been able to manage the local market so effectively without this balanced approach. Summarizing, a global leade rship mindset is a skill or a quality to assume a global view of business and people rather than country specific, and apply this global perspective to a host country considering its cultures and beliefs (Safty, 2007). Conclusion A global leader is one step ahead of a local leader because it has more responsibilities to handle by taking in account the beliefs and culture of the host country. Today every organization is stepping outside its local boundaries and entering the global market where the threats, opportunities, strengths, and weaknesses are totally different from the local country. To survive the competition and diversities of culture and beliefs of the host country it is necessary to have competencies for handling such diversity. There are a number of competencies required to be a global leader which is not necessary to be in-born, leaders can work hard to achieve, and develop all the three levels of competencies required to be a successful global leader. In the end, it concludes that an outside experience is necessary for the global business environment. References Caligiuria, P. Tarique, I. (2012).Dynamic cross-cultural competencies and global leadership effectiveness.(4th ed., pp. Pages 612-622). New Jersy: Elsevier Inc. Cohen, S. (2010). Effective global leadership requires a global mindset: Industrial and Commercial Training: Vol 42, No 1.Industrial And Commercial Training. Retrieved from Cumberland, D., Herd, A., Alagaraja, M., Kerrick, S. (2016). Assessment and Development of Global Leadership Competencies in the Workplace: A Review of Literature.Advances In Developing Human Resources,18(3), 301-317. Longo, N. McMillan, J. (2015). Educating for Global Leadership: A North-South Collaboration.New Directions For Student Leadership,2015(148), 73-86. Luzinski, C. (2014). Identifying Leadership Competencies of the Future: Introducing the Use of Strategic Foresight.Nurse Leader,12(4), 37-47. Mobley, W., Li, M., Wang, Y. (2011).Advances in global leadership. Bingley: Emerald. Reis, G. (2011). Global mindset.Revista De Administrao De Empresas,51(4), 414-414. Safty, A. (2007). A view on global leadership.Leadership In Action,19(1), 1-5. Segalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Horn, S. (1996). The limits of global strategy.Strategy Leadership,24(6), 12-17. Terrell, R. Rosenbusch, K. (2013). How global leaders develop: Journal of Management Development: Vol 32, No 10.Journal Of Management Development. Retrieved from